mathematical programming
mathematical programming A wide field of study that deals with the theory, applications, and computational methods for
optimization problems. An abstract formulation of such problems is to maximize a function
f (known as an
objective function) over a constraint set
S, i.e. maximize
f(
x),
x ∈
S ⊆
Rn,
where
Rn denotes the space of real
n-component vectors
x,
x = (
x1,
x2,…,
xn)
T and
f is a real-valued function defined on
S. If
S consists only of vectors whose elements are integers, then the problem is one of
integer programming.
Linear programming treats the case of
f as a linear function with
S defined by linear equations and/or constraints. Nonlinear objective functions with or without constraints (defined by systems of
nonlinear equations) give rise to problems generally referred to as optimization problems.
Mathematical-programming problems arise in engineering, business, and the physical and social sciences.
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Mathematics Across Cultures: The History of Non-Western Mathematics
Magazine article from: Mathematics and Computer Education; 10/1/2002; ; 700+ words
; ...Mathematics" (James Ritter), "Islamic Mathematics" (Jacques Sesiano), "The Hebrew...Langermann and Shai Simonson), "Inca Mathematics" (Thomas E. Gilsdorf), "Mesoamerican Mathematics" (Michael Closs), "Chinese Mathematical...
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Mathematics reform in the education of deaf and hard of hearing students
Magazine article from: American Annals of the Deaf; 3/1/1998; ; 700+ words
; ...seeking information on mathematics programs and instruction...analyzed by profession (i.e., administrator, teacher...some aspects of reform (e.g., problem solving...into the deaf education mathematics curriculum but that many...traditional' techniques (e.g., drill and practice...
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Mathematics intervention for first- and second-grade students with mathematics difficulties: the effects of Tier 2 intervention delivered as booster lessons.(Report)
Magazine article from: Remedial and Special Education; 1/1/2008; ; 700+ words
; ...educational benefits (e.g., Vaughn...early reading to mathematics, we can surmise...1998) and that mathematics disabilities (i.e., in calculations...development related to mathematics difficulties of...researchers (e.g., Geary...
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Measuring mathematics anxiety: psychometric analysis of a bidimensional affective scale.(Report)
Magazine article from: Journal of Instructional Psychology; 9/1/2009; ; 700+ words
; ...Edwards, 1982) and the Mathematics Anxiety Rating Scale...School Students (MARS-E) (Suinn, Taylor...two primary factors, mathematics test anxiety and mathematics performance adequacy anxiety of MARS-E, however, accounted...
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Mathematics forty years after Sputnik.
Magazine article from: American Scholar; 3/22/1998; ; 700+ words
; ...concluded that the trivial mathematics is, on the whole, useful, and that the real mathematics, on the whole, is not...collaborative work with J. E. Littlewood and with...expository works in and about mathematics. The Apology was published...
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Mathematics placement and the transition to middle school.
Magazine article from: Professional School Counseling; 2/1/2007; ; 700+ words
; ...critical importance of initial mathematics placement and the effects...parents about their children's mathematics placement demonstrate the...or junior high transition (e.g., Alspaugh, 1998...achievement in and attitudes toward mathematics (Eccles et al., 1993...
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The Mathematics/Science Housing program.(SCIENCE SAMPLER)
Magazine article from: Science Scope; 12/1/2007; ; 700+ words
; ...A, B, C, D, and E) taught the 12 mathematics classes involved in the...traditional 90-minute block mathematics classes. Teachers C, D, and E taught the 135-minute...integrated sixth-grade mathematics class and one integrated...
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Teaching mathematics vocabulary to diverse groups.(What Works for Me)
Magazine article from: Intervention in School & Clinic; 11/1/2007; ; 700+ words
; ...Council of Teachers of Mathematics [NCTM], 2000) documents...scope and sequence of mathematics to be taught, how it...six principles (i.e., equity, curriculum...closely related in school mathematics programs (NCTM, 2000...
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Mathematics Curricula Based on Rigorous National Standards What, Why, and How?
Magazine article from: Phi Delta Kappan; 2/1/1999; ; 700+ words
; ...unique characteristics of the mathematics curricula based on the NCTM...from the Third International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS...of communication methods (e.g., writing, explaining...a strong base for various mathematics options in high school. Mathematics...
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Mathematics, Gender, and Culture
Magazine article from: Transformations; 9/30/2000; ; 700+ words
; ...1985) defines this ethnomathematics as "the mathematics which is practised among identifiable cultural...contrasts ethnomathematics with "`academic mathematics,' i.e., the mathematics which is taught and learned in schools." The...
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National Council of Teachers of Mathematics
Encyclopedia entry from: Encyclopedia of Education
...NATIONAL COUNCIL OF TEACHERS OF MATHEMATICS Since its inception in 1920...National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM) has been dedicated...Principles and Standards for School Mathematics into the classroom. The content...at NCTM's website through E-Standards and Illuminations...
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mathematics
Book article from: The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition
...now ubiquitous throughout mathematics), rings (of which the...their way into elementary mathematics education in the so-called new mathematics. Some important abstractions...of the integers—e.g., unique factorization...
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Mathematics
Book article from: -Ologies and -Isms
...of learning. 2. a love of mathematics. —philomath...proposition of ancient Greek mathematics arising during the investigation...of the second power, i.e. squared, but no higher...adj. topology a branch of mathematics that studies the properties...
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Descartes: Mathematics and Physics.
Dictionary entry from: Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography
...Mechanics. Mathematics. The mathematics that served as model and touchstone...earliest recorded thoughts on mathematics are found in the correspondence...for polyhedra ( V + F = E + 2), was quite likely also...on Descartes ’ s mathematics, it nonetheless followed...
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Mathematics in the Social Sciences
Encyclopedia entry from: International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences
...stages in the development of mathematics in economics. According to...on a good understanding of mathematics (Schumpeter 1954, p. 14...yield the expression S = c log e (R/r) . By moving to a...By the use of combinatorial mathematics, Kenneth Arrow developed...
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