abstract data type
abstract data type A
data type that is defined solely in terms of the operations that apply to objects of the type without commitment as to how the value of such an object is to be represented (see
data abstraction).
An abstract data type strictly is a triple (
D,F,A) consisting of a set of domains
D, a set of functions
F each with range and domain in
D, and a set of axioms
A, which specify the properties of the functions in
F. By distinguishing one of the domains
d in
D, a precise characterization is obtained of the
data structure that the abstract data type imposes on
d.
For example, the natural numbers comprise an abstract data type, where the domain
d is {0,1,2,…} and there is an auxiliary domain {TRUE,FALSE} The functions or operations are ZERO, ISZERO, SUCC, and ADD and the axioms are: ISZERO(0) = TRUE ISZERO(SUCC(
x)) = FALSE ADD(0,
y) =
y ADD(SUCC(
x),
y) = SUCC(ADD(
x,y)) These axioms specify precisely the laws that must hold for any implementation of the natural numbers. (Note that a practical implementation could not fulfill the axioms because of word length and overflow.) Such precise characterization is invaluable both to the user and the implementer. Sometimes the concept of function is extended to procedures with multiple results.
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The n-less versus -n past participle forms of certain ablaut verbs in seventeenth and early eighteenth century American and British English.(Linguistics)
Magazine article from: Studia Anglica Posnaniensia: international review of English Studies; 1/1/2004; ; 700+ words
; ...majority of publications in the field of ablaut verbs finish their analyses at the turn...trends of development occurring among the ablaut verbs in both British English and its...and suffixless past participle forms of ablaut verbs in seventeenth and early eighteenth...
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Personal endings of ablaut verbs in early American writings.(Linguistics)
Magazine article from: Studia Anglica Posnaniensia: international review of English Studies; 1/1/2003; ; 700+ words
; ABSTRACT The present paper deals with verbal endings in seventeenth and early eighteenth century American English. Since it is a corpus-based study, a collection of early American texts was compiled and afterwards processed manually. The major guidelines adopted in the process of corpus collection
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Reduplication and the Old English strong verbs class VII (1).
Magazine article from: Studia Anglica Posnaniensia: international review of English Studies; 8/6/2002; ; 700+ words
; ...reanalysis of reduplication into a new type of ablaut must have taken place on the way from...various Indo-European languages. Next to ablaut, it served originally as the major pattern...forms, regular reduplication without ablaut: (2) L. cano : cecini 'sing...
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Verba Indoarica: Die Primaren und dekundaren Wurzeln der Sanskrit-Sprache, pt. I: Radices Primariae.(Review)
Magazine article from: The Journal of the American Oriental Society; 1/1/1999; ; 700+ words
; ...as capable of regular strengthening (Ablaut) or reverse (samprasarana) strengthening...inferred from the above - roots of "normal" Ablaut (anit, set, "vet"(1) - the distinction...same division), and roots without Ablaut (same division): in all, 663 roots...
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Colloquy.
Magazine article from: Word Ways; 5/1/2002; 700+ words
; ...movements, because of their similarity to ablauts, could also be called "sound offs" after the etymology of ablauts, "off sounds", and by comparison...one, two, ..." But I doubt any ablauts cover all five vowels. The closest I...
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Reconsidering the history of the English verbal system (1).
Magazine article from: Studia Anglica Posnaniensia: international review of English Studies; 1/1/2001; ; 700+ words
; ...1959), the standard division into seven ablaut classes is presented as follows: (1...Every class is characterised by a specific ablaut or vowel gradation pattern, distinguishing...members used reduplication as well as ablaut to construct past tense forms, and there...
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The Germanic strong verbs; foundations and development of a new system.(Brief Article)(Book Review)
Magazine article from: Reference & Research Book News; 11/1/2007; 489 words
; ...Germanic languages, centering on the topological position of ablaut in comparison to the parent language, which is Indo-European...s genesis. He covers the systematized and functionalized ablaut in terms of morphology, questions of inheritance v. acquisition...
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The status of Dearr and ??earf in Old English.(Critical Essay)
Magazine article from: Studia Anglica Posnaniensia: international review of English Studies; 8/6/2002; ; 700+ words
; ...preterite-present verbs, which means that they followed the third ablaut series. The Indo-European proto-form of dearr was reconstructed...55). As for the etymology of ??earf, the pre-Teutonic ablaut *terp-, *torp.. *trp.- is not certainly identified...
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From PIE to OCS: ALG or MAC?*
Magazine article from: Canadian Slavonic Papers; 9/1/2003; ; 700+ words
; ...highly inflecting language. Its morphology relied basically on ablaut, accent, and desinences to convey grammatical information...allowed in word-final position. At the same time the role of ablaut was greatly reduced in morphology and it was practically abolished...
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Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction.(Book review)
Magazine article from: The Journal of the American Oriental Society; 4/1/2006; ; 700+ words
; ...analogical. 6.19 (p. 107): The discussion of the PIE accent/ablaut classes for nouns is good and the shaded diagrams on p. 108...innovation. My one quibble here concerns the inclusion of the ablaut patterns of root nouns under the same heading as suffixed nouns...
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ablaut
Book article from: The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology
ablaut (philol.) vowel gradation, as in sing , sang , sung . XIX. — G., f. ab OFF + laut sound.
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ABLAUT
Book article from: Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language
ABLAUT. A term used in PHILOLOGY for both the diachronic shifting of vowels (also known as VOWEL SHIFT) and the synchronic grading...
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inflection
Book article from: The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition
...isolating languages the most civilized is no longer held, it being recognized that every language is just as expressive as any other and can develop new vocabulary to fit new situations. See ablaut ; grammar ; umlaut ; English language .
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Tibetans
Encyclopedia entry from: Encyclopedia of World Cultures
...and parts of South Asia. Tibetan is monosyllabic with no consonant clusters, five vowels, twenty-six consonants, an ablaut verb system, tones and a subject-object-verb word order. The Tibetan script is a readaptation of a northern Indian script...
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gradation
Book article from: The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English
...amorphous shapes in subtle gradations of green and blue. ∎ (in historical linguistics) another term for ablaut . DERIVATIVES: gra·da·tion·al / - sh ənl / adj. gra·da·tion...
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