Umbanda
The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions
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1997
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© The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions 1997, originally published by Oxford University Press 1997. (Hide copyright information)
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Umbanda. A Brazilian cult which, because of its syncretizing tendencies, has also become a general term for all forms of a new eclectic and
syncretist religious complex in urban Brazil. The spiritual world is composed of many spirit powers drawn from sources such as the following: (i)
caboclos, spirits of great Amerindian leaders or of spiritualized natural forces; (ii)
pretos velhos, spirits of the old or wise among Negro slaves, (iii)
crianças, spirits of children who died young; (iv)
orixas, spirits of African ancestors or deities, especially Yoruba; (v) spirits of Jesus, the Virgin
Mary, or the saints of Portuguese folk Catholicism, often equated with the previous group; and (vi) other spirits and occult powers as understood in the sophisticated French spiritualism articulated by Alan Kardec (1804–69), which attracts the higher social classes.
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