Muʿāwiyya(h) ibn Abi-Sufyān
The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions
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1997
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© The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions 1997, originally published by Oxford University Press 1997. (Hide copyright information)
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Muʿāwiyya(h) ibn Abi-Sufyān (d. 680 (AH 80)). Founder of the
Umayyad dynasty. He was a late convert to Islam, but was immediately appointed as ‘personal secretary’ by the Prophet
Muḥammad. Upon ʿUthmān's murder, he politically outmanœuvred ʿAlī. After ʿAlī's death in 661 (AH 61), Muʿāwiyya easily persuaded
Hasan, the Prophet's eldest grandson, with a grant of a large sum, to step down in his favour.
As khalīfa, Muʿāwiyya pursued a policy of pragmatism. In politics he insisted on rapprochement. His approach to dissidents was through persuasion and monetary gifts. It was Muʿāwiyya who changed the character of the Caliphate to one of hereditary monarchy (
mulk).
On the question of succession Muʿāwiyya tried to secure a peaceful transfer of power to his son Yazīd. Upon his death, however, these plans backfired and led to the beginning of the Second Civil War in Islam.
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