Maṇḍala
The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions
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1997
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© The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions 1997, originally published by Oxford University Press 1997. (Hide copyright information)
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Maṇḍala (Skt., ‘circle’; Chin.,
man-ta-lao; Jap. and Korean,
mandara; Tib.,
dkyil.ʾkhor). A symbolic pictorial representation of the universe, originating in India but prominent in
Tibetan Buddhism. It is
visualized in the context of
Tantric ritual. Although maṇḍalas are commonly found on scrolls or as wall-paintings, for important rituals the maṇḍala is traced onto consecrated ground using coloured powders which may be erased upon termination of the ritual. In meditation, they can be visualized without external representation.
All maṇḍalas follow a precise symbolic format.
In Hinduism, maṇḍalas are described in great detail in the Tantras and
Āgamas. For example, the
Pañcarātra text,
Lakṣmi Tantra (37.3–19), describes a maṇḍala of nine lotuses.
In liturgy (
pūjā) a maṇḍala is the place where a deity is invoked by
mantra. The placing of mantras upon the maṇḍala (
nyāsa) gives it life, and the maṇḍala is then regarded, like mantra, as the deity itself (and not a mere representation of the deity). A maṇḍala is also visualized (
dhyāna) by the yogin who aims at merging with the deity. Visualization is accompanied by mantra repetition and the practice of mudrā for the control of mind, speech, and body. See also
CAKRA;
YANTRA.
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