Cathars
The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions
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1997
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© The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions 1997, originally published by Oxford University Press 1997. (Hide copyright information)
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Cathars (Lat., Cathari, from Gk., katharoi, ‘pure ones’). Christian dualist
heresy in W. Europe, which, in the 13th–14th cents., was a serious threat to the Catholic Church especially in S. France (see
ALBIGENSES) and N. Italy. The origins of the movement are obscure, and although its doctrines were influenced by the
Bogomils of Bulgaria, it remains a possibility that its dualism was an independent development or inheritance.
The inner circle of the Cathars were the ‘perfects’, who followed a life of rigorous asceticism and praying the
Lord's Prayer. Admission to this circle was by the rite of
consolamentum after an arduous probation, but other adherents received it on their deathbed. Those thus ‘consoled’ saw themselves as the only true Christians and denied the title to Catholics.
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HIV-2 neutralization by intact V3-specific Fab fragments.(Short report)(Report)
Magazine article from: Virology Journal; 8/18/2008; ; 700+ words
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Newspaper article from: AIDS Weekly; 7/24/2000; 700+ words
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Test Measures Neutralization of HIV-1 Subtype B and E Primary Isolates.(Brief Article)
Newspaper article from: Vaccine Weekly; 7/26/2000; 700+ words
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Pitfalls in efficacy testing - how important is the validation of neutralization of chlorhexidine digluconate?(Research)(Clinical report)
Magazine article from: Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials; 12/2/2008; ; 700+ words
; ...of a formulation and is defined as neutralization by the American Society for Testing...7]. In efficacy studies without neutralization in the sampling fluid, the number...largely on the performance of validated neutralization [10], especially when non-volatile...
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Academic dishonesty and neutralization theory: A comparison of intercollegiate athletes and nonathletes
Magazine article from: Journal of College Student Development; 11/1/2002; ; 700+ words
; ...yielded promising results when applying neutralization theory to understand cheating behaviors...et al., 1990; McCabe, 1992). Neutralization theory posits that individuals are...1957). The present study uses neutralization theory to examine the academic integrity...
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Effects of Neutralization with Lime on the Quality of Acid Olive Oil
Magazine article from: JAOCS, Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society; 10/1/2006; ; 700+ words
; ...oils having very high acidities. The neutralization is carried out in a solid-liquid...hydroxide) as the neutralizing agent. Neutralization by lime limits TAG hydrolysis. The...October 2006). KEY WORDS: Lime, neutralization, oil stability, olive oil, olive...
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Comparing acid waste stream neutralization methods. (Environmental)
Magazine article from: Plant Engineering; 11/8/1990; ; 700+ words
; ...Comparing Acid Waste Stream Neutralization Methods Magnesium hydroxide...Handling Considerations All neutralization methods require some investment...regulations. Caustic soda neutralization does, however, result in...
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Neutralization: An All-Weather Paradigm for Korean Reunification.
Magazine article from: Asian Affairs: An American Review; 1/1/1999; ; 700+ words
; ...instrumentality of diplomacy known as "neutralization" is available to help solve the problem...Korean reunification. Meaning of Neutralization in the Context of Korean Reunification...outset, it is necessary to explain the neutralization principle pertinent to Korean reunification...
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HIV-1 evades antibody-mediated neutralization by masking receptor-binding sites.
Newspaper article from: AIDS Weekly; 1/27/2003; 686 words
; ...dependent on its avoidance of antibody-mediated neutralization. The virus elicits abundant, envelope-directed antibodies that have little neutralization capacity. This lack of neutralization is paradoxical, given the functional conservation...
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Vaccinia-neutralization assay based on reporter-gene expression developed.
Newspaper article from: Proteomics Weekly; 9/15/2003; 700+ words
; ...Researchers have developed a novel vaccinia-neutralization assay based on reporter-gene expression...The classical assay to measure vaccinia neutralization, the plaque-reduction neutralization test (PRNT), is slow, labor intensive...
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Neutralization
Encyclopedia entry from: The Gale Encyclopedia of Science
...are everyday examples of neutralization reactions. As acids and...readily found in nature, neutralization reactions have been biological...times. For instance, neutralization reactions involving carbonate...fundamental understanding of neutralizations began with Svante Arrhenius...
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neutralization
Book article from: The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition
neutralization chemical reaction, according to...called a neutral solution. Complete neutralization can take place when a strong acid...sodium hydroxide solution, complete neutralization occurs when the two solutions are...
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neutralization of deviance
Book article from: A Dictionary of Sociology
neutralization of deviance, neutralization of guilt See VOCABULARIES OF MOTIVE .
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Progressive Neutralization
Dictionary entry from: International Dictionary of Psychoanalysis
PROGRESSIVE NEUTRALIZATION In 1963 Heinz Kohut and Philip Seitz proposed an alteration in...layers of the surface. They called this the "area of progressive neutralization." It is formed through the process of transmuting internalization...
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techniques of neutralization
Book article from: A Dictionary of Sociology
techniques of neutralization See DELINQUENT DRIFT ; VOCABULARIES OF MOTIVE .
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