stair
A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture
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2000
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© A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture 2000, originally published by Oxford University Press 2000. (Hide copyright information)
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stair. Series of
treads and
risers, the two making a
step, in a
flight of stairs, usually enclosed in a structure or cage (
staircase), providing access from one storey or floor to another. Common parts of a stair are:baluster: one of a series of upright supports for a
handrail, also providing protection, and also called
banister (
i,
j);balustrade: ensemble including the
balusters,
handrail, and
newels, also called
banisters, providing a barrier at the side and a grip for those ascending or descending (
i,
j);cap: top of a
newel (
i);drop: lower end of a
newel if visible (
i);easing: junction between
strings when the
flight changes direction;flight: series of steps between
landings, or from floor to floor, or from floor to landing;going or run: of a step, horizontal distance between two
risers, and of a
flight, horizontal distance between the faces of the top and bottom riser;half-space: landing the width of two parallel
flights, one going up and the other down, involving a turn of 180° (see
pace (3)) (
c);headroom: vertical distance from the
line of the nosings to the
soffit of the flight over;landing: small floor between
flights (
c,
d,
e,
g,
i);line of the nosings: line drawn through the extremities of all the
nosings, so parallel to the
string;newel: central
pier of a circular stair carrying the narrower ends of each wedge-shaped
step, or upright member supporting the
bearer,
handrail,
string, and
trimmer at the end of a
flight (
i);nosing: projecting front edge of a
tread, often rounded, overhanging the
riser (
i);pitch: angle formed by the line of the
nosings and a horizontal;quarter-space:
landing half the size of a
half-space, where flights are set at 90° to each other (
see pace) (
d,
e);rise: vertical dimension between the tops of consecutive
treads, or between floors, or between landings, or between floor and landing, defined as
rise of a step or rise of a flight;riser: face of a step, sometimes sloping back to the
tread under it (thus increasing the size of the tread) (
i);scotia: concave moulding beneath the
nosing (
i);soffit: sloping surface under a
flight;spandrel: triangular figure formed between
string and floor;string: inclined support for the
steps, really a raking
beam (
i);tread: horizontal upper surface of a step (
i);tread-end: smaller dimension of a
tread projecting over the
string in a
cut-string stair, often with a carved
console- or
modillion-like bracket below (
j);well: void between the outer
strings of flights, or the volume within which the stair rises, its inner strings against the walls of the well, as in a
half-turn stair (
d,
e);winder:
tread wider at one end than the other, used when a stair turns(
a,
b,
d,
f ).Types of stair include:bifurcated: dividing into two
flights or
branches;closed-string: with
strings from which rise identical balusters, the rake being parallel to the handrail (
i);cockle: see
winding below;cut- or open-string: with
strings notched to accommodate the
treads from which
balusters of differing lengths rise, the
tread-ends not being parallel to the handrail, and often having decorative console-like ornaments under them (
j);dog-leg: two parallel
flights, each rising half a storey, with a
half-landing joining them but no
well between the strings (
c);double-return: stair starting with one
flight and returning in two from a
landing (
g);flying: with stone steps
cantilevered from the
stair-well wall without
newels at the angles or turning points, each step resting on that below. Handrails are usually joined by means of short curved portions called
wreaths (
f,
h);geometrical:
flying stair, usually circular or elliptical on plan, the ends of the cantilevered steps forming a curve (
f,
h);half-turn: stair with
flights on three sides of the
stair-well with
landings at the corners (
e);Imperial: starts with one straight flight, and then, after the landing, turning by 180°, with two flights parallel to the first flight, leading to the upper floor. It probably first occurred at the Escorial, near Madrid (1563–84), and spectacular later examples include the staircases at Schloss Brühl (1740s) and the
Residenz, Würzburg (1734) (
g);newel: circular stair winding around a solid central
pier or
newel which carries the narrower ends of the steps (
a), or a rectangular stair with newels at the angles to receive the ends of the
strings (
i);open-newel:
half-turn or other stair around a
well, as distinguished from a dog-leg (
d,
e);open-riser: with no
risers; the space between
treads left open;open-well: resembling a
dog-leg but with a gap or
well between the outer strings, more especially with a larger well, each flight terminating in a
quarter-landingvperron: unenclosed
flight of external steps before
vice: see
winding below; the entrance to a
piano-nobile level, or the
well: within a well rising through more than one balcony-landing at the top of a double flight storey, with
newel-posts forming an
open well, as of steps meeting at each end of such a landing; in a half-turn stair (
d,
e,
f );spiral: see
winding below;
winder: in
timber-framed buildings rising upstraight-flight: with one flight; one storey, occupying a rectangular space, theturngrece: see
winding below; top steps
winders;turning: with flights of different directions, so
winding: any circular or elliptical stair, especially including
bifurcated,
half-turn,
quarter-turn, and a
newel stair (
a).
three-quarters turn stairs;turnpiece: see
winding below;vice: see
winding below;well: within a well rising through more than one storey, with
newel-posts forming an
open well, as in a half-turn stair;winder: in
timber-framed buildings rising up one storey, occupying a rectangular space, the top steps winders;winding: any circular or elliptical stair, especially a
newel stair.
Bibliography
B&M (1989);
Cd'ÉSdlR (1985);
C&G (1985);
Gambardello (1993);
W. McKay (1957
Templer (1992)
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