Palladianism
A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture
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2000
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© A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture 2000, originally published by Oxford University Press 2000. (Hide copyright information)
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Palladianism. Classical style based on the architecture of the C16 Italian architect Andrea
Palladio, disseminated primarily by his
Quattro Libri dell'Architettura (The Four Books of Architecture—1570), which contained illustrations of his designs, described them and his ideas, and promoted his work. The first
Palladian Revival was instigated by Inigo
Jones in England in the reigns of James I and VI (1603–25) and Charles I (1625–49), having studied Palladio's buildings in Vicenza and its vicinity in 1613–14 as well as his publications, notably
Le antichità di Roma (1554). Key buildings were the Queen's House, Greenwich (1616–35), the Banqueting House, Whitehall, London (1619–22), and the Queen's Chapel, St James's (1623–5). Certain features derived from Palladio's buildings appeared in the works of van
Campen in The Netherlands (e.g. the plan reminiscent of Italian villas at the Mauritshuis, The Hague (1633–5)), and
Holl in Germany (e.g. the restrained severity of the Town Hall, Augsburg (1615–20)), but the main source for these architects seems to have been
Scamozzi. The second
Palladian Revival of the early C18 began in Venetia (where it was evident in ecclesiastical and secular buildings) and in England (where it was mostly overt in domestic architecture, especially the grand country-house). The key figures of the English Revival were Colen
Campbell and Lord
Burlington, who also promoted a reappraisal of the first Revival led by Jones. As the high-priest of English Palladianism, Burlington not only designed exemplary buildings but promoted the interests of architects sympathetic to the cause and encouraged publications that established the architectural vocabulary and language that were to dominate (even tyrannize) taste for most of the century. Important in disseminating such elements as the
temple-front and the
serliana were
Vitruvius Britannicus (1715–25) and
Leoni's
The Architecture of A. Palladio (1715–20) which remained the standard text-book until
Ware's more scholarly tome of 1738. English Palladian ideals were exported, notably to Prussia (
Knobelsdorff's Opera House on the
Unter den Linden, Berlin (from 1741—based on Campbell's Wanstead House, Essex), was a fine example, although, influenced by
Algarotti, Potsdam acquired variants on the Palazzi Thiene and Valmarana in 1750), Anhalt (
Erdmannsdorff's Schloss Wörlitz (1769–73— very similar to L.
Brown and
Holland's Claremont House, Esher, Surrey)), Russia (the architecture of
Cameron and
Quarenghi), and the USA (the influence of
Jefferson).
Bibliography
Ackerman (1966, 1967);
Boucher (1998);
J. Harris (1981, 1994);
Köster (1990);
Palladio (1570, 1965, 1997);
Parissien (1994);
Rykwert (1999);
Summerson (ed.) (1993);
Tavernor (1991);
Whitehill & and F. Nichols (1976);
Wittkower (1974a, 1998);
Worsley (1995)
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