Tenant Farming
TENANT FARMING
Tenant farming is a system of agriculture whereby farmers cultivate crops or raise livestock on rented lands. It was one of two agricultural systems that emerged in the South following the American Civil War (1861–1865); the other system was sharecropping. The South in economic ruin, former plantation owners were now without slave labor and lacked resources to hire wage laborers. They began dividing up their land and arranging the tracts to be farmed by one of these two methods. In 1860 there were just under 700,000 farms in the South; in 1910 the division of the former plantations resulted in more than three million farms.
A tenant farmer typically could buy or owned all that he needed to cultivate crops; he lacked the land to farm. The farmer rented the land, paying the landlord in cash or crops. Rent was usually determined on a per-acre basis, which typically ran at about one-third the value of the crop. At the end of the harvest the landowner would be paid one-third the value of the crops or would receive one-third the crops directly from the farmer. While this system was superior to that of sharecropping and many sharecroppers aspired to being tenant farmers, the method also had its downfalls. Tenant farmers frequently found themselves in debt to the landowner. At the beginning of a planting season, the farmer would secure store credit based on the crop's expected yield. If conditions were poor or market prices for the crop decreased, the farmer became indebted to the storeowner and to the landowner (which was often the same person). Another consequence of tenant farming was the deterioration of the land; since it did not belong to them, many farmers were not motivated to do ample upkeep or make improvements, thus, farms tended to deteriorate. However some tenant farmers proved successful and ultimately moved off rented lands to purchase their own tracts. Generally, however, this was not the case and the system, along with sharecropping, proved to be a failure.
See also: Reconstruction, Sharecropping
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Fuller's earth - 100 years of mining in Bath
Newspaper article from: Bath Chronicle, The; 5/21/2009; 700+ words
; ...walking his dog near the former Fuller's Earth works noticed some pieces of paper...proved to be documents of the Fullers' Earth Union which children had found...introduction to his book A History Of The Fuller's Earth Mining Industry Around...
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Bentonite, Fullers Earth and Allied Clays - Global Strategic Business Report
Magazine article from: Mining Engineering; 12/1/2006; ; 349 words
; ...report analyzes the worldwide market for bentonite, fullers earth and allied clays in thousands of metric tons. The specific...segments that are analyzed are bentonite, kaolin, fullers earth and other clays. The report provides separate comprehensive...
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Fuller's earth
Magazine article from: Mining Engineering; 6/1/2003; ; 700+ words
; ...Sixteen companies mined fuller's earth in 10 states during 2002...average value of U.S. fuller's earth production was estimated...of cat litter. It has fuller's earth mining operations...226 st) of fuller's earth was imported during 2002...
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FULLER'S EARTH
Magazine article from: Mining Engineering; 6/1/2008; ; 700+ words
; Fuller's earth is a term used to define palygorskite...niche applications. The consumption of fuller's earth was segmented into 67 percent as pet...the major producers of fuller's earth in the United States are BASF, Oil...
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Delays continue at fullers earth site
Newspaper article from: Bath Chronicle, The; 2/21/2008; 461 words
; I read with interest Tom Bradshaw's report (Chronicle, February 7) concerning B&NES planning and complaints regarding the ongoing "battles" with Andy Ridings' Recycling@Bath company. You report that the Ombudsman has awarded pounds500 compensation to Bath Preservation Trust (tax payers' money).
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Fuller Brush puts its Earth-Gard up.(Products)
Magazine article from: ICS Cleaning Specialist; 3/1/2005; 331 words
; Fuller Brush Commercial Products introduces the Earth-Gard line of "environmentally...total facility maintenance." The Earth-Gard products are designed to...the company said. Products in the Earth-Gard line are non-toxic to both...
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Fuller adds air cleaners to Earth-Gard program.(Products: Tools & Equipment)
Magazine article from: ICS Cleaning Specialist; 6/1/2007; 460 words
; Fuller Brush Commercial's Earth-Gard IAQ couples Fuller's complete line of Green Seal-certified floor and surface care products with portable dust and fume control. Available in five models, the company's commercial-grade air filtration...
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BUCKY'S WORLD FORGET GEODESIC DOMES. BUCKMINSTER FULLER WANTED TO SAVE SPACESHIP EARTH BY DESIGNING ASSEMBLY-LINE HOMES - THAT WOULD BE DELIVERED BY ZEPPELIN.
Newspaper article from: The Boston Globe; 10/23/2005; ; 700+ words
; ...hear the name R. Buckminster Fuller, most probably think of geodesic...Stanford University's Buckminster Fuller Collection, writes in his illuminating...relative to the center of the earth. He was also, Gorman writes...coinage of the phrase "Spaceship Earth," he has been adopted by ...
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Tender Notice: Tamil Nadu Electricity Board Seeks Activated Fullers (India)
News Wire article from: US Fed News Service, Including US State News; 12/19/2009; 296 words
; ...Board, Madurai, said it had a requirement for the supply of activated fullers. According to the description: "Tenders are invited for Supply Of Activated Fullers Earth Ul Trade." Bidding type is a domestic competitive bidding. The tender...
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Maat Youth Academy founder-director Sharon Fuller was named Woman of the Year in California's 14th Assembly District.(Earth Island project reports)
Magazine article from: Earth Island Journal; 6/22/2004; 355 words
; Maat Youth Academy founder-director Sharon Fuller was named Woman of the Year in California's 14th Assembly District for her community service and youth advocacy, and was honored at a reception in March by Lieutenant Governor Cruz Bustamante and Assemblymember Loni Hancock.
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fuller's earth
Book article from: A Dictionary of Ecology
fuller's earth 1. A clay consisting mainly of expanding clay minerals such as montmorillonite, which is used industrially for its absorptive properties. 2. Capitalized, Fuller's Earth is the stratigraphic name of a Jurassic clay formation outcropping in southern Britain.
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earth
Book article from: The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition
earth in chemistry, metallic oxide not readily...to certain absorbent clays, e.g., fuller's earth , and to other compounds, e.g., carbonates...might be compounds of more basic elements. Earth was one of the four "roots" of the Greek...
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Fuller, Buckminster
Encyclopedia entry from: International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences
...promoted the idea that the earth provides all that humans need...and series of workshops that Fuller designed using the Dymaxion...teach players ho best to use the earth ’ s abundance. Fuller...humanity to survive successfully on earth. He coined the term ephemeralization...
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Fuller, Richard Buckminster, Jr.
Encyclopedia entry from: Gale Encyclopedia of U.S. Economic History
FULLER, RICHARD BUCKMINSTER...better ways to use Earth's resources. In...height. In addition, Fuller developed a system...and floating cities. Fuller never saw himself as...passenger on spaceship Earth" to describe our place...
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SIC 1459 Clay, Ceramic, and Refractory Minerals, Not Elsewhere Classified
Encyclopedia entry from: Encyclopedia of American Industries
...underground or waterproofed structures. Fuller's Earth. The United States was the world leader in fuller's earth production throughout the 1990s and early...73 million metric tons. Fuller's earth derived its name from the ancient practice...
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