recitative
The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition | Date: 2008
recitative , musical declamation for solo voice, used in opera and oratorio for dialogue and for narration. Its development at the close of the 16th cent. made possible the rise of opera. The Florentine composers Peri, Caccini, and Galilei sought a style in which the words could be clearly understood, the rhythms of natural speech would be followed, and the music would convey the feeling of a whole passage. Toward the middle of the 17th cent. arose recitativo secco, which employed a quick succession of notes having little melodic character and serving only to advance the action, punctuated by occasional chords in a figured bass accompaniment. Le Nozze di Figaro by Mozart employs much recitative of this sort. It was used also in cantata and oratorio. In the 18th cent. greater importance was assumed by the recitativo accompagnato or stromentato, accompanied by the string section or the full orchestra, in which the music was more strictly measured. This type of recitative was used at the points of greatest dramatic interest and to introduce important arias. Robert Cambert and Lully developed a style of recitative suited to the French language; Purcell and Mozart attacked similar problems in English and German. Wagner, opposed to the Italian type of recitative, developed a continuous declamation in which the melody was completely molded to the text, upon which the accompaniment served as a sort of commentary. Schoenberg, about 1900, devised a species of half-pitched declamation called Sprechgesang, since used by other composers.
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The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition 2008
The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Copyright 2008 Columbia University Press
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Related entries from encyclopedias, dictionaries, and thesauruses
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recitative
Britannica Concise Encyclopedia
... 1600, the first operas being largely written in recitative. Recitative style gradually began to separate from lyrical aria style. Regular alternation of recitative with aria became the rule for both opera and cantata ...
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cantata
The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition
... came to contain contrasting sections of recitative and aria separated by instrumental passages ... Neapolitan school into two arias with recitatives. This form was very popular through ... by Rameau to contain three arias with recitatives. In Germany the sacred cantata was more ...
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baroque
The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition
... beginnings were in the late 16th-century revolt against polyphony that gave rise to the accompanied recitative and to opera . With opera and recitative came the figured bass , used consistently in ensemble music throughout the baroque era. Renaissance ...
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Robert Cambert
The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition
... 1659) and other works are among the first real French operas. With the librettist Pierre Perrin (1625-75) he created French recitative in operas, including Pomone (1671), which contains all the elements of later French opera such as short symphonies, airs ...
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Giulio Caccini
Encyclopedia of World Biography
... Le nuove musiche," the first important and, in the 17th century, most influential publication of the new style of monodic recitative in vocal music with figured bass accompaniment. Giulio Caccini was born in Rome, the son of Michelangelo Caccini. The only ...
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