programmed instruction
programmed instruction method of presenting new subject matter to students in a graded sequence of controlled steps. Students work through the programmed material by themselves at their own speed and after each step test their comprehension by answering an examination question or filling in a diagram. They are then immediately shown the correct answer or given additional information. Computers and other types of teaching machines are often used to present the material, although books may also be used. Computer-assisted instruction, which both tests students' abilities and marks their progress, may supplement classroom activity or help students to develop ideas and skills independently.
The first teaching machine was invented (1934) by Sydney L. Pressey, but it was not until the 1950s that practical methods of programming were developed. Programmed instruction was reintroduced (1954) by B. F. Skinner of Harvard, and much of the system is based on his theory of the nature of learning. As programming technology developed, so did the range of teaching machines and other programmed instruction materials. Programs have been devised for the teaching of spelling, reading, arithmetic, foreign languages, physics, psychology, and a number of other subjects. Some programs are linear in concept, allowing advancement only in a particular order as the correct answer is given. Others are branching, giving additional information at the appropriate level whether a correct or incorrect answer is given.
Although there has been considerable controversy regarding the merits of programmed instruction as the sole method of teaching, many educators agree that it can contribute to more efficient classroom procedure and supplement conventional teaching methods. Teaching machines enable students to work individually, calling for active participation of the learner. In industry and the armed services, programmed instruction is often used to train personnel.
Bibliography: See P. Callender, Programmed Learning (1969); L. Thomas, Self-Organized Learning (1985).
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On the composition history of the longer ("secret") Gospel of Mark
Magazine article from: Journal of Biblical Literature; 4/1/2003; ; 700+ words
; ...century to produce the orthodox version of longer Mark known to Clement, so that version must be a later, purified edition of Carpocrates' text. The canonical Gospel was then derived from the orthodox longer Gospel through the removal of LGM 1 and 2. Crossan...
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 "Pretoria News (South Africa)")
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Greyville proving to be a real poser today.(Sports)
Newspaper article from: Pretoria News (South Africa); 8/4/2007; 647 words
; ...each-way value at current odds. JackpotR125 1st leg: 2/4/5/7/10 2nd leg: 1 3rd leg: 3/5/6/7/10 4th leg: 4/5/7/8/9 Top Tip: Race 6 (1) Majolica Best Bet: Race 8 (8) Palakan Best Roughie: Race 7 (10) Carpocrates
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 "Sunday Mirror (London, England)")
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Racing: They think it's Ova; RACING: FIRST CLASS DELIVERY EXPECTED AS FED EXPRESS THUNDERS IN TO STEAL THE HEADLINES ..BUT WACH OUT FOR A MOMENT OF NEW REFORM.(Sport)
Newspaper article from: Sunday Mirror (London, England); 10/23/2005; 700+ words
; ...boosted the form by going on to win a valuable Gowran Park nursery. Tommy Stack's hope has Caribbean, Pivotal Wish and Carpocrates to beat in the Big Toast Maiden but the opposition will need to have come on a fair bit to get the better of him. CLOWER...
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WHAT EVANGELICALS AND LIBERALS CAN LEARN FROM THE CHURCH FATHERS
Magazine article from: Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society; 3/1/2006; ; 700+ words
; ...AD and a principal opponent of the Gnostic "Christianities" advocated by Gnostic teachers such as Marcion, Basilides, Carpocrates, Cerinthus, and Valentinus, was convinced that the Gnostic world view, one with its distinct set of doctrines and practices...
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Ancient Gnosticism: Traditions and Literature
Magazine article from: The Catholic Biblical Quarterly; 4/1/2008; ; 700+ words
; ...Hermetic, Manichaean, and Mandaean Gnosticisms); (2) date (the early figures of Simon Magus, Menander, Saturninus, Carpocrates, and Justin, as well as figures of dubious Gnostic affiliation such as Nicolaus and Cerinthus and systems of dubious sectarian...
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 "The Cincinnati Post (Cincinnati, OH)")
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BROODMARE BRINGS $2.8M AT AUCTION.(Sports)
Newspaper article from: The Cincinnati Post (Cincinnati, OH); 11/8/2006; 430 words
; ...consigned by Indian Creek Farm, agent, established a North American record for a weanling colt sold at public auction. The previous record of $2.4 million went for Storm Cat colt Carpocrates at the 2003 Keeneland November Sale.
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 "The Racing Post (London, England)")
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Horse Racing: BLOODSTOCK DESK - Electrocutionist sibling sold to Japanese agent for sale-record $2.7m.(Sports)
Newspaper article from: The Racing Post (London, England); 11/9/2006; 700+ words
; ...4m set at the November sale in 2003 for a colt by Storm Cat out of Spain, North America's leading female earner. Named Carpocrates, that colt has been unplaced in three starts in Ireland for owner Michael Tabor and trainer Aidan O'Brien. Tada, who...
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Carpocrates
Book article from: The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church
Carpocrates (2nd cent.), Gnostic teacher, probably a native of Alexandria . His disciples, the ‘Carpocratians’...
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Carpocratians
Encyclopedia entry from: Encyclopedia of Occultism and Parapsychology
Carpocratians A sect of Gnostics founded by Carpocrates of Alexandria. The sect claimed Christ derived the mysteries...taught them to his apostles, who transmitted them to Carpocrates. Members used theurgic incantations and had their own...
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Main Leaders of Gnosticism
Encyclopedia entry from: Gale Encyclopedia of the Unusual and Unexplained
...Life, Man and Church; the Decad (10) and Dodecad (12); and the Docecad — Wisdom, also called Sophia. Carpocrates (c.140 c.e.): Teacher of reincarnation. He believed an individual had to live many lives and adsorb a full range...
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