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<a href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-progrins.html" title="Facts and informations about programmed instruction">programmed instruction</a>

programmed instruction

programmed instruction method of presenting new subject matter to students in a graded sequence of controlled steps. Students work through the programmed material by themselves at their own speed and after each step test their comprehension by answering an examination question or filling in a diagram. They are then immediately shown the correct answer or given additional information. Computers and other types of teaching machines are often used to present the material, although books may also be used. Computer-assisted instruction, which both tests students' abilities and marks their progress, may supplement classroom activity or help students to develop ideas and skills independently.

The first teaching machine was invented (1934) by Sydney L. Pressey, but it was not until the 1950s that practical methods of programming were developed. Programmed instruction was reintroduced (1954) by B. F. Skinner of Harvard, and much of the system is based on his theory of the nature of learning. As programming technology developed, so did the range of teaching machines and other programmed instruction materials. Programs have been devised for the teaching of spelling, reading, arithmetic, foreign languages, physics, psychology, and a number of other subjects. Some programs are linear in concept, allowing advancement only in a particular order as the correct answer is given. Others are branching, giving additional information at the appropriate level whether a correct or incorrect answer is given.

Although there has been considerable controversy regarding the merits of programmed instruction as the sole method of teaching, many educators agree that it can contribute to more efficient classroom procedure and supplement conventional teaching methods. Teaching machines enable students to work individually, calling for active participation of the learner. In industry and the armed services, programmed instruction is often used to train personnel.

Bibliography: See P. Callender, Programmed Learning (1969); L. Thomas, Self-Organized Learning (1985).

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	Operant conditioning and programmed instruction in aphasia rehabilitation.(r) Magazine article from: The Journal of Speech-Language Pathology and Applied Behavior Analysis; 1/1/2006; ; 700+ words ; ...framework for approaching aphasia therapy. Key Words: Programmed instruction, aphasia, rehabilitation, behavioral speech interventions...distracters. Two other studies used filmed or videotaped programmed instruction to examine reading recognition and comprehension (Di... Read more
	An interview with Ernst Rothkopf: reflections on educational psychology.(Interview) Magazine article from: North American Journal of Psychology; 3/1/2005; ; 700+ words ; ...of results in acquiring substantive knowledge through programmed instruction. That was obviously incorrect for two reasons. First...learning. I concluded that the evocation of responses in programmed instruction (with or without KoR) served not only as a rehearsal... Read more
	Brain-compatible learning: fad or foundation? Neuroscience points to better strategies for educators, but sorting out claims on brain-based programs is essential.(Cover story) Magazine article from: School Administrator; 12/1/2006; ; 700+ words ; ...been involved in the field of education for any length of time, you've seen many innovations and programs come and go. Teaching machines, time on task programs and Epstein's plateaus of adolescent cognition are just a few of the initiatives that at one time... Read more
	Teaching machines to recognize objects. (John Hopkins Univ researcher Elli Angelopoulou develops new object recognition technique for robots)(Brief Article) Magazine article from: USA Today (Magazine); 6/1/1997; 589 words ; A packaging robot, working in a candy factory in the near future, aims its electronic eye at a tray crammed with chocolates. The robot must fill a box with a specific mix of candy, but how can it tell a cream-filled morsel from a chocolate-covered peanut cluster? A new object recognition technique Read more
	Ropesport.(Video Recording Review)(Brief Article) Newspaper article from: Wisconsin Bookwatch; 10/1/2005; 127 words ; ...Ropesport: Extreme is enhanced with demonstrations of truly amazing jumps, tricks, and soloing . Ideal for home use, this Ropesport series is also recommended for health clubs and school gym class group exercise programmed instruction as well. Read more
	Brigadier General Paul L. Roberson.(United States Air Force)(Biography) Newspaper article from: U.S. Air Force Military Biographies; 1/1/2004; 478 words ; ...Training Development, Headquarters Air Training Command, Randolph Air Force Base, Texas, where he oversaw development of programmed instruction materials throughout Air Training Command. The general was assigned to the newly formed Office of Economic Opportunity... Read more
	Global travels expose Americans to different worlds.(Update) Magazine article from: District Administration; 11/1/2005; 403 words ; ...more curriculum and standards mode and bring in more digital resources and project learning and then follow up with programmed instruction, says Sherry Goodvin, director of administrative and student services at Maize School District in Kansas, a participating... Read more
	The care and feeding of your staff. Magazine article from: Medical Laboratory Observer; 1/1/1985; ; 700+ words ; ...journal articles, and manufacturers' literature. These resources could be supplemented with lectures, audiovisual aids, programmed instruction, demonstrations, drills, and coaching, to name a few options. 4. Evaluation. At the end of the learning program, you... Read more
	Jonassen, David H. (Ed.). Handbook of Research on Educational Communications Technology.(Book Review) Magazine article from: Communication Research Trends; 9/22/2004; ; 700+ words ; ...designers usually encode in software or enable on various presentation platforms. Some, like games and simulations or programmed instruction, have long histories in education; others--microworlds and hypertext--have emerged relatively recently. The fourth part... Read more
	Understanding how adults learn.(Education In the Valley 2003) Magazine article from: San Fernando Valley Business Journal; 9/29/2003; ; 700+ words ; ...than one medium for learning, and they desire to control pace and start/stop time. 12. Nonhuman media such as books, programmed instruction and television have become popular with adults in recent years. 13. Regardless of media, straightforward how-to is the... Read more

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