integrated circuit
From: The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition
|
Date: 2008
integrated circuit (IC), electronic circuit built on a semiconductor substrate, usually one of single-crystal silicon. The circuit, often called a chip, is packaged in a hermetically sealed case or a nonhermetic plastic capsule, with leads extending from it for input, output, and power-supply connections, and for other connections that may be necessary when the device is put to use. Integrated circuits can be classified into two groups based on the type of transistors they contain. Bipolar integrated circuits contain bipolar junction transistors as their principle elements. Metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) integrated contain MOS transistors as their principle elements. Some integrated circuits contain both types of transistors. Integrated circuits are also categorized according to the number of transistors or other active circuit devices they contain. An IC is said to use small-scale integration (SSI) if it contains fewer than 10 transistors. An IC that contains from 10 to 100 transistors is said to use medium-scale integration. A large-scale integration (LSI) IC contains from 100 to 1,000 transistors, and one that uses very-large-scale integration (VLSI) contains more than 1,000 transistors. Some integrated circuits are analog devices; an operational amplifier is an example. Other ICs, such as the microprocessors used in computers , are digital devices. Some hybrid integrated circuits contain both analog and digital circuitry; a bilateral switch, which switches analog signals by means of a digital control signal is an example of a hybrid IC. Integrated circuit functions are virtually limitless. Improvements in IC manufacturing have led to increasingly dense and capable integrated circuits. Some microprocessors, for example, contain more than one million transistors on their chips. The smaller, denser chips can also provide speed benefits, because in high-speed devices, the length of time it takes a signal to travel a given distance can become a factor. The major fabricating steps for integrated circuits include film formation, impurity doping, photolithography, etching, and packaging. See microelectronics .
Bibliography: See M. S. Malone, The Microprocessor: A Biography (1995).
Author not available, INTEGRATED CIRCUIT.,
The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition 2008
The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Copyright 2008 Columbia University Press
For permission to reuse this article, contact Copyright Clearance Center.
Related articles from HighBeam Research:
|
Optoelectronic integrated circuits for microwave optical systems.
Microwave Journal; 10/1/1993; Shaw, Nicola Carter, Andrew; 4930 words;
... optoelectronic integrated circuit (OEIC) technology ... monolithically integrated on a single chip ... monolithic electronic circuits. Useful levels ... optoelectronic integrated circuit, the feedback element needs to be integrated within the device ...
|
|
ESD protection for bipolar integrated circuits: integrated circuits require protection from electrostatic discharge (ESD). Some of the protection is built in and some comes from the application circuit.
Wireless Design & Development; 11/1/2006; Dolese, John; 1465 words;
To properly protect an integrated circuit (IC), the following topics ... evaluating delivery of ESD to an integrated circuit. 1. The IC impedance is low ... of 2. For high-speed bipolar integrated circuits the largest energy that can ...
|
|
|
HMIC: a silicon microwave integrated circuit process. (heterolithic microwave integrated circuit)
Microwave Journal; 1/1/1994; 1338 words;
... The heterolithic microwave integrated circuit (HMIC) process combines silicon ... Background The monolithic integrated circuit (IC) concept focuses on the ... Conclusion A microwave monolithic integrated circuit process has been presented ...
|
|
A Navy view of MIMIC. (Microwave/Millimeter-wave Monolithic Integrated Circuit program)
Journal of Electronic Defense; 7/1/1992; Caposell, Charles D.; 3754 words;
... Millimeter-wave Monolithic Integrated Circuit (MIMIC) Program is a seven ... that of the Very High Speed Integrated Circuit (VHSIC) Program. The VHSIC ... lead in silicon-based digital integrated circuits (ICs). The MIMIC Program was ...
|
|
Integrated Device Technology to Buy Integrated Circuit Systems for 6.25 Times Rev.
Weekly Corporate Growth Report; 6/20/2005; Anonymous; 235 words;
... Inc. has agreed to acquire Integrated Circuit Systems Inc. in a cash-and ... of the deal, each share of Integrated Circuit Systems will be exchanged for ... 25 in cash. The deal values Integrated Circuit at $23.54 per share. After ...
|
|
|
A varactor-tuned oscillator using MMIC technology. (monolithic microwave integrated circuits)
Microwave Journal; 9/1/1990; Roth, B. Joseph, M. Beyer, A.; 1277 words;
... varactor that is integrated on the same substrate ... transistor. The resonant circuit is built up as ... technologies for mm-wave integrated circuits, such as slotlines ... diagram of the integrated oscillator. PHOTO : Fig. 2 Equivalent circuit for the calculation ...
|
|
|
Broadband electronically tunable IC active radiating elements and power combiners. (integrated circuits)
Microwave Journal; 10/1/1992; Navarro, Julio A. Kai Chang; 4298 words;
... hybrid and monolithic integrated circuits (ICs). Recently active ... antenna configuration. The circuit consists of a notch antenna integrated with a varactor-tuned ... Sun, V-Band Low-Noise Integrated Circuit Receiver, IEEE Trans ...
|
|
Jack Kilby, 81, invented integrated circuit
Chicago Sun-Times; 6/22/2005; MATT SLAGLE; 682 words;
... whose 1958 invention of the integrated circuit ushered in the electronics ... for many years. Before the integrated circuit, electronic devices relied ... Mr. Kilby built the first integrated circuit into a single piece of semiconducting ...
|
|
|
GaAs MMICs: some lessons from silicon. (gallium arsenide monolithic microwave integrated circuits)(includes informaiton on the transmit/receive module of a phased array radar)
Journal of Electronic Defense; 3/1/1991; Hughes, David W.; 1270 words;
... gallium arsenide (GaAs) monolithic microwave integrated circuits (MMICs) move into production, they are beginning ... fabrication of gallium arsenide MMICs. SILICON INTEGRATED CIRCUITS Silicon integrated circuits have a number of important characteristics ...
|
|
|
Specification and measurement of local oscillator noise in integrated circuit base station mixers. (Technical Feature).
Microwave Journal; 4/1/2003; Krishnamurthi, Kathiravan Jurgiel, Stephen P.; 1983 words;
... oscillator (LO) drivers/buffers in integrated circuit mixers. Reciprocal mixing of ... the effective noise floor of integrated circuit mixers helps the system designer ... internal buffer amplifier of two integrated circuit base station mixers has been ...
|
|
ADI HEATS UP IC TEMPERATURE SENSING.(Analog Devices Inc., integrated circuits)
Sensor Business Digest; 1/1/2003; 2445 words;
Semiconductor/IC (integrated circuit) temperature sensors ... for use in more integrated, faster, and smaller ... 00. For highly integrated applications requiring ... thermal control circuit (TCC) monitoring ... thermal management circuits, fan control, and ... Semiconductor, Maxim ...
|
&type=1 "Wisconsin State Journal (Madison, WI)")
|
JACK KILBY, INVENTOR OF INTEGRATED CIRCUIT, DIES.(BUSINESS)(Obituary)
Wisconsin State Journal (Madison, WI); 6/22/2005; 501 words;
... invention of the integrated circuit ushered in the modern ... many years. Before the integrated circuit, electronic devices relied on bulky and fragile circuitry, including glass vacuum ... Kilby's fingernail-size integrated circuit, a forerunner of the ... equipment, he built the ...
|
|
Complex IC technology: the demand for higher performance graphics is producing some interesting solutions. (integrated circuit)
EDN; 7/10/1997; Beal, Sam; 1688 words;
Semiconductor integrated circuit (IC) performance ... customer provides a circuit description of ... lower the cost of integrated ICs. Full speed ... frame buffer memory integrated into a single package ... existing printed circuit cards resulting ...
|
|
|
Insertion of GaAs MMICs into EW systems. (microwave integrated circuits and military electronic systems)
Microwave Journal; 9/1/1989; Schineller, E.R. Pospishil, A. Grzyb, J.; 1982 words;
... development of GaAs monolithic integrated circuits began at ITT in 1981. In that ... broadband monolithic microwave integrated circuits (MMICs) and high speed GaAs ... microwave/mm-wave monolithic integrated circuit (MIMIC) program. This one ...
|
|
Coming Full Circuit An Integrated Unit Plan for Intermediate and Middle Grade Students.(PRISM CLASS - PRoject Integrating Science and Math with Language Arts and Social Studies)
Science Activities; 9/22/1999; SANDMANN, ALEXA L. WEBER, WILLIAM B. JR. CZERNIAK, CHARLENE M. AHERN, JOHN F.; 3332 words;
... Euler paths and circuits and real-life situations ... content areas as an integrated methods course ... showed us that using integrated units can be an ... concepts such as circuits, conductors, and ... electricity and circuitry, the participants ... design of this integrated unit ...
|
See all results from premium newspaper and magazine articles, images, maps and more at HighBeam Research.
Related articles from newspapers, magazines and other sources:
|
|