fertilization
From: The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition
|
Date: 2008
fertilization in biology, process in the reproduction of both plants and animals, involving the union of two unlike sex cells (gametes), the sperm and the ovum , followed by the joining of their nuclei. In the flowers of higher plants, the process occurs after pollination has enabled the sperm to contact the egg cell in the plant's ovary. In lower plants and in animals the sperm is actively motile and swims to the egg through an external aqueous medium or through a fluid environment within the reproductive tract of the female. The fundamental principle of fertilization is the same in all organisms. The first sperm to establish successful contact is absorbed by the ovum and the two nuclei unite, thus combining the hereditary material of both parents (see genetics ). In higher forms, the sperm contact initiates cell division in the fertilized egg (zygote), and the subsequent embryo develops into a new individual. Cross-fertilization indicates fusion of a sperm of one hermaphroditic plant or animal with an ovum of another, as distinguished from self-fertilization, in which ovum and sperm of the same individual are fused.
Author not available, FERTILIZATION.,
The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition 2008
The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Copyright 2008 Columbia University Press
For permission to reuse this article, contact Copyright Clearance Center.
Related articles from HighBeam Research:
|
Effects of spatial distribution and reproductive biology on in situ fertilization rates of a broadcast-spawning invertebrate.
The Biological Bulletin; 8/1/1997; Coma, Rafel Lasker, Howard R.; 6518 words;
Introduction Whether or not fertilization rates constrain the reproductive success ... Despite a growing number of studies on fertilization rates, the questions still remain whether low fertilization rates are common, whether low fertilization ...
|
|
Effect of pollination time on the frequency of 2n + n fertilization in apomictic buffelgrass. (Crop Breeding, Genetics & Cytology).(Statistical Data Included)
Crop Science; 7/1/2002; Burson, Byron L. Hussey, Mark A. Actkinson, Jo M. Shafer, Gail S.; 5098 words;
FERTILIZATION of unreduced gametes has played a major role in the ... 1979). This phenomenon occurs by three methods: (i) fertilization of an unreduced egg by a reduced sperm nucleus (2n ... and an unreduced sperm nucleus (n + 2n); and (iii) fertilization of an unreduced egg by an unreduced sperm nucleus ...
|
|
Experimental Analysis of the Fertilization Process
Plant Cell; 1/1/2004; Weterings, Koen; Russell, Scott D; 10620 words;
INTRODUCTION In flowering plants, double fertilization is one of the defining features of ... development (Raghavan, 2003). Double fertilization was first discovered in 1898 by Nawaschin ... cytological changes before and after fertilization. The mature MG or pollen is composed ...
|
|
|
Egg Longevity and Time-Integrated Fertilization in a Temperate Sea Urchin (Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis).
The Biological Bulletin; 8/1/2001; MEIDEL, SUSANNE K. YUND, PHILIP O.; 6829 words;
... field experiments have suggested that fertilization levels in sea urchins (and other broadcast ... droebachiensis had high viability for 2 to 3 d. Fertilization levels of eggs held in spermpermeable ... In a field survey of time-integrated fertilizations (over 24, 48, and 72 h) during natural ...
|
|
NEW STUDIES DISCREDIT OCEAN FERTILIZATION 'FIX' FOR GLOBAL WARMING
Rachel's Democracy & Health News; 12/6/2007; Anonymous; 1028 words;
Ocean fertilization, the process of adding iron or other ... Universities suggests that ocean fertilization may not be an effective method of ... minimize loss", said Lutz. "Ocean fertilization schemes, which resemble an artificial ...
|
|
|
Nitrogen Fertilization of Buffalograss.
Crop Science; 1/1/2001; Springer, T. L. Taliaferro, C. M.; 2689 words;
A NUMBER OF FERTILIZATION TRIALS have been conducted on native ... known benefits can be attributed to fertilization. Forage availability and forage ... livestock increase with increasing N fertilization rate. Burton et al. (1956) with ...
|
|
|
Spermiogenesis and sperm structure in relation to early events of fertilization in the limpet Tectura testudinalis (Muller, 1776). (mollusks)
The Biological Bulletin; 12/1/1997; Buckland-Nicks, John Howley, Brent; 7401 words;
Introduction The process of fertilization in invertebrates typically involves ... the egg prior to a successful fertilization (Tilney, 1985). In free-spawning ... studies of early events of fertilization have largely been restricted ...
|
|
|
The effects of hydrodynamic shear stress on fertilization and early development of the purple sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus.
The Biological Bulletin; 2/1/1995; Mead, Kristina S. Denny, Mark W.; 6865 words;
... urchin, reproduces by means of external fertilization. S. purpuratus is commonly found on ... benthic boundary layer may interfere with fertilization through a variety of mechanisms. These ... sperm from the egg's surface before fertilization is complete. To date, the best studied ...
|
|
CONTRIBUTIONS OF AUTOGAMY AND GEITONOGAMY TO SELF-FERTILIZATION IN A MASS-FLOWERING, CLONAL PLANT.
Ecology; 2/1/2000; ECKERT, CHRISTOPHER G.; 9502 words;
... Abstract. The fitness consequences of self-fertilization are largely determined by how self ... to estimate the components of self-fertilization in a tristylous, self-compatible, clonal ... seed production, and only reduced self-fertilization by 14%, suggesting that most selfing ...
|
|
Effect of contaminated preprocessed semen on fertilization rate and embryo quality in assisted reproductive techniques
Gynecological Endocrinology; 2/1/2004; Krissi, H; Orvieto, R; Ashkenazi, J; Gilboa, Y; Et al; 2771 words;
Keywords: SEMEN, CULTURE, CONTAMINATION, FERTILIZATION, EMBRYO QUALITY, ART ABSTRACT We aimed ... determine the effect of bacterospermia on fertilization rate and embryo quality in standard in vitro fertilization (IVF) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection ...
|
|
Wing morph- and age-related differences in fertilization success of adult males of a flightless bug, Pyrrhocoris apterus (Heteroptera: Pyrrhocoridae)
European Journal of Entomology; 1/1/2008; Socha, Radomír; 4375 words;
Key words. Copulation, fertilization success, egg hatchability, adult ... Pyrrhocoris apterus differ in fertilization success. For this purpose, 5 ... was used as a measure of the fertilization success of the males. The results ...
|
|
|
Fertilization success in marine invertebrates: The influence of gamete age.(Statistical Data Included)
The Biological Bulletin; 2/1/2002; Williams, Mark Elliott Bentley, Matthew Graeme; 6888 words;
... postulated to be unimportant to the fertilization ecology of marine invertebrates ... may have a direct impact upon fertilization success. We present comparative ... influence of gamete age on fertilization and development success in ...
|
|
|
Helical nature of sperm swimming affects the fit of fertilization-kinetics models to empirical data.
The Biological Bulletin; 8/1/2002; Farley, Gregory S.; 4931 words;
... sperm into the water column, where fertilization and development consequently take place ... Thorson, 1950), and variability in fertilization success has been empirically quantified ... this empirical work has confirmed that fertilization success rarely approaches 100% in nature ...
|
|
|
Gamete spawning and fertilization in the gymnolaemate bryozoan Membranipora membranacea.
The Biological Bulletin; 10/1/1994; Temkin, M.H.; 5725 words;
... Silen reported that external cross-fertilization occurred in two gymnolaemate bryozoan ... year-old belief that internal self-fertilization is obligatory in this group of hermaphroditic ... inside the ITO. Silen concluded that fertilization in E. posidoniae and E. crustulenta ...
|
|
|
Inclusion of standard and low-dose gonadotropin releasing hormone-analog (short protocol) in controlled ovarian hyperstimulation regimens in normogonadotropic patients aged 40-48 years who are undergoing in vitro fertilization
Gynecological Endocrinology; 11/1/2004; Avrech, O M; Orvieto, R; Pinkas, H; Sapir-Rufas, O; Et al; 2474 words;
Key words: IN VITRO FERTILIZATION-EMBRYO TRANSFER, AGE, OVARIAN ... who were undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment. This was a prospective ... women aged 30-34(3,4). In in vitro fertilization (IVF) programs, the pregnancy ...
|
See all results from premium newspaper and magazine articles, images, maps and more at HighBeam Research.
Related articles from newspapers, magazines and other sources:
The effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure on the fertilization and larval development of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas.(Abstract)
Journal of Shellfish Research; 1/1/2005; Jeong, Woo-Geon Cho, Sang-Man; 3618 words;
|
In vitro fertilization widely used.(Church condemns practice that has accounted for 300,000 births worldwide)
National Catholic Reporter; 10/22/1999; 2994 words;
|
In vitro fertilization widely used.
National Catholic Reporter; 10/15/1999; 2897 words;
|
One MT's role in an IVF program. (medical technologist; in vitro fertilization)(includes information on sharing eggs & embryos, and on opportunities for travel)
Medical Laboratory Observer; 11/1/1990; Goldsmith, Gail; 3392 words;
|
Assortative fertilization in Chlamys farreri and Patinopecten yessoensis and its implication in scallop hybridization.
Journal of Shellfish Research; 8/1/2006; Lu, Zhengming Yang, Aiguo Wang, Qingyin Liu, Zhihong Zhou, Liqing; 5101 words;
|
The effects of sperm density and gamete contact time on the fertilization success of blacklip (Haliotis rubra; Leach, 1814) and greenlip (H. Laevigata; Donovan, 1808) abalone.
Journal of Shellfish Research; 8/1/2005; Grubert, Mark A. Mundy, Craig N. Ritar, Arthur J.; 5048 words;
|
SOCIAL AND ETHICAL ASPECTS OF IN VITRO FERTILIZATION.(Brief Article)
AORN Journal; 5/1/2000; McCONNELL, EDWINA A.; 366 words;
|
The role of sustainable fertilization.(Global Food Security)
UN Chronicle; 9/1/2003; Rutsch, Horst; 642 words;
|
Reproductive biology and phylogeny of birds; part A: Phylogeny, morphology, hormones, fertilization.(Brief Article)(Book Review)
SciTech Book News; 3/1/2007; 156 words;
|
IVF Without Stimulation Drugs Almost as Successful.(In vitro fertilization )
HealthFacts; 3/1/2001; Napoli, Maryann; 366 words;
|
|
|