Home > Categories > Science and Technology > Astronomy and Space Exploration > Constellations > bull

bull

From: The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition | Date: 2008

bull [Lat. bulla =leaden seal], papal letter. As the diplomatic organization of the papal chancery progressed in the Middle Ages, the papal bull came to be more solemn than the papal brief or encyclical . The letter, traditionally sealed with lead, but in special circumstances with silver or gold, begins with the name of the pope and his title as servus servorum Dei [servant of the servants of God]. Today only the consistorial bull, the most solemn of all papal pronouncements, carries the leaden seal; all other bulls and lesser documents have a red ink seal. The titles of bulls are the first few words of its Latin text. Famous bulls include Clericis laicos (1296) and Unam sanctam (1302) issued by Boniface VIII in his struggle with Philip IV of France; the Bull of Demarcation (1493) by Alexander VI; Exsurge Domine (1520) by Leo X against Martin Luther; Unigenitus (1713) by Clement XI, against Jansenism; Dominus ac Redemptor (1773) by Clement XIV, suppressing the Jesuits; Quanta cura (1864) by Pius IX, introducing the Syllabus errorum; Pastor aeternus (1871) by Pius IX, on papal infallibility; and Munificentissimus Deus (1950) by Pius XII, defining the dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary. Pope John XXIII issued a consistorial bull, Humanae Salutis, in 1961 to convoke the 21st ecumenical council. The papal bull is used to proclaim the canonization of a saint. A bullarium is a collection of papal bulls; the most famous published bullaria are the Roman Bullarium (1733-62) and the Turin Bullarium (1857-85).

Author not available, BULL., The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition 2008

The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Copyright 2008 Columbia University Press

For permission to reuse this article, contact Copyright Clearance Center.

Related articles from HighBeam Research:

	Progeny testing and selection intensity for Holstein bulls in different countries Journal of Dairy Science; 10/1/2003; Powell, R L; Norman, H D; Sanders, A H; 4303 words; ABSTRACT International Bull Evaluation Service (Interbull) Holstein ... United States. The decision to graduate a bull from progeny test (PT) was assumed to ... in the period 2.5 to 4.5 yr later. Mean bull age at PT decision varied across countries ...
	Bull Basics: The Fundamentals of Buying Bulls The Cattleman; 10/1/2005; Clement, Annie; 2832 words; There are many tools today that can give bull buyers a fairly accurate perception of a bull which will help them make genetic progress in ... eyesight and other people's knowledge about a bull's bloodlines to judge the quality of a bull ...
	Duration dependence in stock prices: an analysis of bull and bear markets. Journal of Business & Economic Statistics; 7/1/2004; Lunde, Asger Timmermann, Allan; 12051 words; ... the (instantaneous) probability that a bull or bear market terminates as a function ... random walk model is rejected both for bull and bear markets. Although it fits the ... found to be inconsistent with the very long bull markets observed in the data. The strongest ...
	The Guns of Saddam;America Shrugged While Gerald Bull Designed the Ultimate Cannon and Sold It to Iraq The Washington Post; 2/10/1991; William Scott Malone; David Halevy; Sam Hemingway; 2698 words; GERALD V. BULL spent his life perfecting the most deadly ... long-range 155mm howitzers designed by Bull and based on research he carried out under ... to the opposing force. Unfortunately, the Bull cannons are being aimed by Iraq at U.S ...
	Effects of Method and Timing of Castration and the Use of an Estrogenic Growth Stimulant on Weight Gain of Bull Calves1 Professional Animal Scientist; 4/1/2006; Lents, C A; White, F J; Floyd, L N; Gay, D L; Wettemann, R P; 3893 words; ... timing of castration on performance of bull calves. In Exp. 1, 2- to 3-mo-old bulls ... during the next 30 d. Key words: banding, bull, castration, growth, zeranol Introduction ... Oklahoma. Exp. 1. Fall born Angus Red Polled bull calves at 2 to 3 mo of age and weighing ...
	Accuracy of Foreign Dairy Bull Evaluations in Predicting United States Evaluations for Yield Journal of Dairy Science; 8/1/2004; Powell, R L; Sanders, A H; Norman, H D; 3233 words; ... data with domestic information in dairy bull genetic evaluations has been shown to improve ... improve the accuracy of domestic dairy bull evaluations (Powell and Norman, 1998; Powell ... value of including foreign data in dairy bull evaluations (Powell and Norman, 2000; Weigel ...
	When Sitting Bull's name passes the lips of Ernie... [Derived Headline] Bismarck Tribune; 11/18/2007; SARA KINCAID; 1412 words; When Sitting Bull's name passes the lips of Ernie LaPointe ... great-grandfather follow. For many people, Sitting Bull is a famed Indian spiritual leader. His ... LaPointe, who is the daughter of Sitting Bull's youngest daughter, Standing Holy. But ...
	TAKING Care of BULLS The Cattleman; 10/1/2007; Digiuseppe, Gary; 1712 words; It's no bull-taking care of your breeding animals before ... dividends in the long run. When it comes to bull selection, Dr. Robert Wells advocates making ... for his herd, he can decide what breed of bull would work best to meet that goal. "When ...
	Ballet with the Bulls Valley's 'bloodless' bullfights are artistic events as much as traditional man-vs.-beast contests.(MAIN NEWS) The Fresno Bee (Fresno, CA); 9/17/2000; Davis, Jim; 1770 words; The bull looks angry now, its rage building these ... around, distracted by the crowd. Instead, the bull stares across the ring at the man and the ... designed to adhere to a patch of Velcro on the bull's back. The bull is not to be injured. The ...
	JUST INCREDI-BULL 1,500 POUNDS OF FURY, DINERO CHARGES FROM WYOMING RANCH TO PRO RODEO SPOTLIGHT Denver Rocky Mountain News; 1/11/2003; Jody Berger; ROCKY MOUNTAIN NEWS; 2208 words; 00-00-0000 JUST INCREDI-BULL 1,500 POUNDS OF FURY, DINERO CHARGES FROM ... mix, has been loping behind the great bull, nipping at his heels and keeping him ... just live in it. Dinero is a 4-year-old bull, part Brahma, part longhorn and mostly ...
	America Is a Bull. Esquire; 1/1/1999; Laskas, Jeanne Marie; 4941 words; ... cowboy who dream of riding it into everlasting glory. Bull riding? Okay, bull riding is 90 percent mental. Anybody tells you any different, they're lying. Because when you get on your bull, you have to, just, be on your bull. And that's all ...
	Bull Moose proves a bull market Portland Press Herald (Maine); 9/16/2004; RAY ROUTHIER Staff Writer; 803 words; Bull Moose proves a bull market Byline: RAY ROUTHIER Staff Writer Edition: Final Section: Go Column ... music, a leased Brunswick storefront, and a $30,000 loan. Today, Wickard's Bull Moose Music has 10 stores in Maine and New Hampshire and is celebrating ...
	Mass. show of support for pit bulls Specialists put burden on breeders, owners The Boston Globe; 5/15/2007; Lisa Wangsness; 810 words; Pit bull supporters vastly outnumbered opponents at ... behavior specialists who testified said a pit bull ban would not protect people from attacks ... to be bitten by a German shepherd or a pit bull, and he grilled those with veterinary expertise ...
	Changing in a bull market. (C.H. Bull Co.) Industrial Distribution; 8/1/1998; Brack, Ken; 1888 words; C.H. Bull Co. stands tall with homegrown expertise ... products group A salesman named Charles H. Bull left Chicago for San Francisco in 1924 to ... Depression struck several years later and Bull's company recalled him to Chicago, he refused ...
	Sitting Bull's biographer finds man behind legend The Milwaukee Journal Sentinel; 5/11/2008; JACKIE LOOHAUIS-BENNETT; 777 words; ... tactician some historians have called him. Still, Sitting Bull was one of the greatest leaders the American Indian ... his camp, and the dream literally came true. Sitting Bull also dreamed that because his people mutilated Custer ... biography, including tales about the fascination Sitting Bull held for ...