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José de San Martín , 1778-1850, South American revolutionist, b. Yapeyú, in present-day Argentina. After service with the Spanish army in Europe, he returned (1812) to join the revolution against Spain in his native country. He superseded Manuel Belgrano in command of the army against royalist forces in Upper Peru and decided, after some experience, that the attack on the royalist stronghold could best be made through Chile. After training his troops at Mendoza, San Martín accomplished the difficult feat of leading an army across the Andes through Los Patos and Uspallata passes. Ably seconded by Bernardo O'Higgins , he defeated (1817) the Spanish at Chacabuco. San Martín was offered the governorship of Chile, which he refused. After a setback at Cancha Rayada, the patriots defeated (1818) the royalists at Maipú and completed the liberation of Chile. San Martín, with the aid of Thomas Cochrane (earl of Dundonald ), prepared to conquer Peru. Lima was taken (1821), and San Martín became protector of Peru. When Simón Bolívar advanced with the intention of driving out the Spanish, San Martín interviewed (July, 1822) him at Guayaquil and then resigned, leaving the conquest of Peru to Bolívar. San Martín retired from public life and in 1824 went to Europe, where he spent his remaining years in exile and comparative poverty.
Bibliography: See B. Mitre, The Emancipation of South America (tr. 1893, repr. 1969); J. C. Metford, San Martín the Liberator (1950, repr. 1971).
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José de San Martín
Book article from: The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition José de San Martín , 1778-1850, South American...training his troops at Mendoza, San Martín accomplished the difficult feat...the Spanish at Chacabuco. San Martín was offered the governorship... |
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José Miguel Carrera
Book article from: The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition ...With his brothers, Juan José and Luis, he overthrew the revolutionary junta headed by Martínez de Rozas in 1813 and...Later he was forbidden by José de San Martín to reenter Chile. San Mart... |
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José de la Serna
Book article from: The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition José de la Serna , 1770-1832, Spanish...and his conduct of the war against José de San Martín , deposed Pezuela and named José de la Serna in his place; he... |
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Simón Bolívar
Book article from: The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition ...revolutionary army. He recruited José Antonio Páez...liberated when he and Antonio José de Sucre won the battle...great Argentine liberator José de San Martín were already operating. At... |
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battle of Chacabuco
Book article from: The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition ...and Spanish troops. It took place just N of Santiago, Chile. José de San Martín , with Bernardo O'Higgins , assaulted...across the Andes from Argentina, where San Martín had trained his army. |
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