Thaddeus Kosciusko
Thaddeus Kosciusko , Pol. Tadeusz Andrzej Bonawentura Košciuszko, 1746-1817, Polish general. Trained in military academies in Warsaw and Paris, he offered his services to the colonists in the American Revolution because of his commitment to the ideal of liberty. Arriving in America in 1777, he took part in the Saratoga campaign and advised Horatio Gates to fortify Bemis Heights. Later he fortified (1778) West Point and fought (1780) with distinction under Gen. Nathanael Greene in the Carolina campaign. After his return to Poland he became a champion of Polish independence. He fought (1792-93) in the campaign that resulted in the second partition (1793) of Poland (see Poland, partitions of ). In 1794 he issued a call at Kraków for a national uprising and led the Polish forces against both Russians and Prussians in a gallant but unsuccessful rebellion that ended with the final partition of Poland. He was imprisoned, and after being freed (1796) went to the United States and later (1798) to France, where after the fall of Napoleon he pleaded with Alexander I of Russia for Polish independence. He died in Solothurn, Switzerland, and is buried in Kraków. His devotion to liberty and Polish independence have made him one of the great Polish heroes.
Bibliography: See studies by M. Haiman (1943, repr. 1975 and 1946, repr. 1977).
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Newcastle disease
Book article from: The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition
Newcastle disease pneumoencephalitis, acute viral disease of domestic poultry. Newcastle disease is characterized by sneezing, coughing, and nervous behavior. Affected birds may show tremors, circling, falling, twisting of the head and neck...
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Snow, John
Encyclopedia entry from: Encyclopedia of World Biography
...prevention and control of disease) because of his innovative...In 1827, he traveled to Newcastle – upon –...attending lectures at the Newcastle Infirmary. During this apprenticeship...Medical Education While in Newcastle, Snow was employed as one...
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Thomas Addison
Encyclopedia entry from: Encyclopedia of World Biography
...was the first to describe a disease of the endocrine glands and...April 1793 at Long Benton near Newcastle-upon-Tyne. His father...clinical description of the disease, and its priority, has never...either the function or the diseases of the suprarenal glands...19th century. By 1855 no ...
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Hutchinson, John
Dictionary entry from: Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography
...Hutchinson, John ( b . Ryton, near Newcastle-upon-Tyne, England, 1811...respiratory function in health and disease, and invented the spirometer...which he did in London and in Newcastle-upon-Tyne before the Literary...modified by height, age, and disease, and Hutchinson, extending...
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Prowazek (Provázek), Stanislaus Von Lanov
Dictionary entry from: Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography
...of a number of infectious diseases, among them trachoma, fowl pox, Newcastle disease, silkworm jaundice, epitheliosis...the parasite causing the disease, and devoted the last two...Rocha-Lima contracted the disease at the same time, but recovered...transmission of microbial diseases. ...
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