Institut de France
Institut de France , cultural institution of the French state. Founded in 1795 by the Directory, it replaced five learned societies that had been suppressed in 1793 by the Convention. These were the French Academy (governing language and literature; founded by Richelieu, granted letters patent 1635); the Académie royale de Peinture et de Sculpture (fine arts; founded 1648 by Charles Le Brun, reorganized 1663 by Colbert); the Académie royale des Inscriptions et Médailles (public inscriptions, medal design, etc.; founded 1663), renamed (1716) the Académie royale des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres; the Académie royale des Sciences (founded 1666 by Colbert); and the Académie royale d'Architecture (organized 1671 by Colbert). The new organization was called at first Institut national des Sciences et des Arts; the name Académie was not used in the names of the sections because it was considered reactionary. After 1806 the title was changed to Institut de France. Originally the organization was divided into three classes (physical and mathematical sciences, moral and political sciences, literature and fine arts). In 1803 a decree of Napoleon I (a member since 1797) changed the division to four (physical and mathematical sciences, French language and literature, history and ancient literature, and fine arts), suppressing the second class (moral and political sciences) as subversive to the state. In 1816 there was another reorganization, based on the Institut of 1803, and the name Académie was again used in the names of the sections. In 1832, under the influence of Guizot, the second class of the Institut of 1795 was restored as a fifth academy. The Institut de France therefore finally came to be comprised of five academies—the French Academy, the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres (history and archaeology), the Académie des Sciences, the Académie des Beaux-Arts, and the Académie des Sciences morales et politiques. Membership in one of the academies does not restrict an individual from being a member of any of the other academies. The academies are self-perpetuating, but the state has the right of veto over their elections. The awards and prizes given by the academies have encouraged endeavor in various fields.
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Institut de Radio Astronomie Millimétrique
Book article from: A Dictionary of Astronomy
Institut de Radio Astronomie Millimétrique ( IRAM ) A Franco...millimetre-wave astronomy, with its headquarters in Grenoble, France. It operates instruments in France and Spain. The IRAM...Scientifique, the German Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, and the Spanish Instituto Geográfico Nacional. ...
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French Academy
Book article from: The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition
...L'Académie française ), learned society of France. It is one of the five societies of the Institut de France . Development The origins of the academy...reappeared in the second class of Napoleon's Institut (1803), and the old name and organization...restored in the first division of the ...
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Book article from: International Directory of Business Biographies
...in Boulogne-Billancourt, France. Education: University of Paris, Institut d' é tudes politiques...two. Career: Home office of France, 1976, civil servant; 1976...Hoche, 75381 Paris Cedex 08, France; http://www.pprinteractive...chief executive officer of France's ...
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Malle, Louis
Dictionary entry from: International Dictionary of Films and Filmmakers
...Louis Nationality: French. Born: Thumeries, France, 30 October 1932. Education: Coll è ge des Carmes; Institut d' É tudes Politiques at the Sorbonne...to the United States, 1976; returned to France to make Au revoir les enfants , 1987. Awards...
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Montagnier, Luc (1932- )
Book article from: World of Microbiology and Immunology
...College in New York and the Institut Pasteur in Paris, has devoted...born in Chabris (near Tours), France, the only child of Antoine...Montagnier did research at the Institute of Virology in Glasgow, Scotland...humans after his return to France in 1965. From 1965 to 1972...laboratory director of ...
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