Helvetic Republic
Helvetic Republic , 1798-1803, Swiss state established under French auspices. In Sept., 1797, several exiled Swiss leaders in France (notably Frédéric César de La Harpe ) formally urged the French Revolutionary government (the Directory) to help in liberating the subject districts of Switzerland and in overthrowing the aristocratic cantonal governments. The Directory, eager to secure the Alpine passes as well as the treasury of Bern , ordered the invasion of Switzerland (Jan., 1798); resistance was brief. A unified state, the Helvetic Republic, was set up. Lack of funds and constant French political and military intervention proved troublesome; finally, the French Revolutionary Wars shifted (1799) into Switzerland. An Austrian army defeated the French at Zürich (June), but Austro-Russian discord led to the victory (Sept.), again at Zürich, of André Masséna over a Russian army under General Korsakov. General Suvorov, who arrived from Italy to aid Korsakov, was obliged to retreat to Lindau in Germany. The survival of the Helvetic Republic until 1803 was largely due to the presence of French troops, since the Swiss were hostile to centralization. In Feb., 1803, Napoleon, imposing the Act of Mediation, established a confederation of 19 cantons, with a federal diet subservient to France.
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Travel: From biblical villages to the high Crimson Mountains Its capital city and beach resorts are hugely popular, but Stephen Goodwin wonders: are you ready for wild Turkey?
Newspaper article from: The Independent - London; 8/25/2002; ; 700+ words
; ...turned to another part of the Taurus chain, the Ala Dag or "Crimson Mountains", separated from the Bolkar by the Cilician Gates. This gorge-like passage between the Mediterranean coastal plain and the endless Anatolian plateau has witnessed...
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 "The Mail on Sunday (London, England)")
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My grandmother Agatha loved the Orient Express... shame about the bedbugs; YOUR CARRIAGE AWAITS: Stewards greet travellers on the modern-day train and, left, an old advertisement RELATIVE FAME: Agatha Christie and Mathew in 1956 POWERFUL MEMORIES: Mathew Prichard and the Orient-Express under full steam.
Newspaper article from: The Mail on Sunday (London, England); 1/20/2008; 700+ words
; ...platforms, and getting outoccasionally at places like Nish and Belgrade'. She got out in Turkey, too, to look at the Cilician Gates, the pass through theTaurus Mountains: 'It was a moment of incredible beauty. The sun was slowly setting, and...
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State funeral for H.H. Vazken I to Take Place in Elaborate Ceremonies
Newspaper article from: Armenian Reporter, The; 8/27/1994; ; 700+ words
; ...removed to the site adjacent to the main gate of the Cathedral for interment alongside...entourage included two lay officials of the Cilician See, and Mr. Khatchig Babigian, a former...and Archbishop Zareh Aznavourian of the Cilician See will make up Karekin II's official...
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A Christmas Message from Armenia
Newspaper article from: Armenian Reporter, The; 1/2/1999; 700+ words
; ...the hierarchy of the Armenian Church and as a member of the Cilician Brotherhood, I am now living and working in Holy Etchmiadzin...when I return from my office in the Veharan, I cross the Gate of Dertad, pass the Cathedral and I can feel the centuries...
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Saddam: Latter-day Jugurtha?(The Last Word)
Magazine article from: The New American; 1/12/2004; ; 700+ words
; ...with the apocalyptic defeat of the Marian army at the very gates of Rome, and the dictatorship and bloody purges of Sulla...threatened an ever-wider sphere of Roman interests, from the Cilician pirates to Mithridates, king of Pontus in Asia Minor. These...
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Cilician Gates
Book article from: The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition
Cilician Gates , Turk. Külek Boğazi, mountain pass, S Turkey, leading...Pylae Ciliciae, it follows the gorge of the Gökoluk River. The gates have served for centuries as a natural highway linking Anatolia with the...
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Taurus Mountains
Encyclopedia entry from: Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa
...water for irrigation, forest products, and summer pasture. The most important pass is north of Tarsus, called the Cilician Gates. To the northeast is the extension of the range, called the Anti-Taurus. Bibliography Fisher, Sydney N. The...
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Gülek Boğazi
Book article from: The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition
Gülek Boğazi see Cilician Gates .
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Taurus
Book article from: The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition
...Iskenderun, are also considered an offshoot of the main Taurus. The Taurus is crossed by five major passes; the Cilician Gates , N of Tarsus, is the best known. The mountains have long been a barrier to movement between the Anatolian basin...
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