Glengarry Glen Ross

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Glengarry Glen Ross

DAVID MAMET 1983

AUTHOR BIOGRAPHY

PLOT SUMMARY

CHARACTERS

THEMES

STYLE

HISTORICAL CONTEXT

CRITICAL OVERVIEW

CRITICISM

FURTHER READING

SOURCES

David Mamet’s Glengarry Glen Ross was first presented at the small Cottlesloe Theatre of the Royal National Theatre, in London, England, on September 21, 1983. The critics gave the play strongly positive reviews and the production played to sold-out audiences. It was later awarded the Society of West End Theatres Award (similar to the American “Tony” Award) as best new play. The American premier of Glengarry Glen Ross took place at Chicago’s Goodman Theatre on February 6, 1984; with one cast change, the production then transferred to Broadway’s Golden Theatre on March 25. With very few exceptions, the New York critics recognized the play as brilliant in itself and a major advance for Mamet as a playwright. Nevertheless, ticket sales were slow and the play lost money for two weeks. After it was awarded the Pulitzer Prize, sales increased significantly. It ultimately ran for 378 performances, closing on February 17, 1985.

Many critics in both England and America pointed out that, for all its use of “four-letter words,” Glengarry Glen Ross is a morality play. They noted that the work is an abrasive attack on American business and culture and a withering depiction of the men whose lives and values are twisted by a world in which they must lie, cheat, and even steal in order to survive. Virtually all of the critics commented extensively on Mamet’s use of language, not only to create tension and define character, but also as a sort of musical poetry: “hot jazz and wounding blues,” as Frank Rich, critic for the New York Times put it. Even those few critics who were lukewarm about the play as a whole appreciated the distinctive, powerful language. Critics also appreciated the savage, scalding comedy of the play.

The influences of playwrights Samuel Beckett and Harold Pinter on Mamet has been pointed out by numerous critics, and Mamet has said that he has also been influenced by Lanford Wilson, Eugene Ionesco, Bertolt Brecht, and Anton Chekhov. He has also acknowledged the influence of Thorstein Veblen’s Theory of the Leisure Class. A strong nonliterary influence has been his study of the Stanislavsky system (named for the famed director of the Moscow Art Theatre, Konstantin Stanislavsky) of actor training as interpreted and taught by Sanford Meisner and Lee Strasberg at the Actors Studio.

AUTHOR BIOGRAPHY

David Mamet was born in Chicago, Illinois, on November 30, 1947. His father was a labor lawyer and his mother a schoolteacher. After his parents’ divorce in 1958, Mamet lived with his mother and sister. He played football, wrestled, and was a voracious reader. In 1963, he moved to North Chicago to live with his father and attend the private Francis Parker school where he first took drama classes and played the lead in a musical. He also worked backstage at Hull House theatre and at the famous improvisational Second City Company.

Mamet studied literature and drama at Goddard College in Vermont, where he received a B.A. degree in 1969. His first short play, Camel, was written to fulfill his thesis requirement. During his time at Goddard, he spent a year “in the field” at the Neighborhood Playhouse School of the Theatre in New York City, where he studied the Stanislavsky system of acting under the direction of Sanford Meisner. During his college years Mamet’s summer jobs included work as an actor and “specialty dancer” with several theatres. Following his graduation in 1969, he worked in Montreal with a company based on the campus of McGill University. He then returned to Chicago where he worked as a cab driver and, for almost a year, in the office of a “dubious” real estate firm. The latter experience is clearly evident in Glengarry Glen Ross. In 1970, Mamet taught acting at Marlboro College in Vermont, where he wrote Lifeboat, based on his experiences with one summer job. The following two years, he

taught at Goddard and, while there, presented the first versions of Duck Variations and Sexual Perversity in Chicago. Duck Variations was subsequently presented in Chicago in the fall of 1972, marking the first production of a play by Mamet in his hometown. In the fall of 1973, Mamet moved back to Chicago. Sexual Perversity in Chicago was presented by the Organic Theatre Company in the summer of 1974, drew large audiences, and was awarded the prestigious Joseph Jefferson Award. In 1975 he completed American Buffalo and that work was presented by the Goodman Theatre with critical and popular success. On January 23, 1976, American Buffalo, with a new cast, opened at St. Clement’s theatre in New York City, receiving generally positive notices. Mamet moved to New York the next month. That summer Sexual Perversity in Chicago and Duck Variations opened at the Off-Broadway Cherry Lane Theatre, where they would enjoy a long run; in February 1977, American Buffalo opened on Broadway and was awarded the New York Drama Critics’ Circle Award.

Mamet’s career flourished throughout the 1980s and 1990s, with such notable works as Edmund (1982), Glengarry Glen Ross (1983), Speed-the-Plow (1988), and Oleanna (1992). He also ventured into film during this period, writing the scripts for

The Postman Always Rings Twice (1981), The Verdict (1982)—which won an Academy Award nomination—The Untouchables (1987), and Hoffa (1992). His success as a screenwriter led to opportunities as a director, including the films House of Games (1988), Homicide (1991), and Oleanna (1995), all of which he also wrote.

PLOT SUMMARY

Act I

Glengarry Glen Ross has a daring structure with two very different forms for the two acts. Act One is broken up into three scenes, each set in a different booth in a Chinese restaurant in Chicago; while not clearly stated, all of the action may be occurring simultaneously. Through these scenes we come to know the jargon of the real estate sales world: “lead” is a sales prospect; the “board” is a chart of sales closings; “sit” is a face-to-face meeting with a prospect; “closing” is getting the customer’s signature on a contract and a check. We also learn, bit by bit, that there is a sales contest on and that the winner of the first prize will receive a Cadillac, second prize a set of steak knives—all the rest of the salesmen will be fired.

In the first scene, Shelly Levene, once a top salesman but now, in his fifties, down on his luck, is begging Williamson, the real estate office manager, for “A-list” leads. Levene has not closed a sale in months—but he is convinced that one good lead will restore his confidence and put him back on track. As the salesman becomes more desperate, Williams offers to sell him the leads for $50 each—and a percentage of any commissions Levene might earn. Levene agrees to the offer but doesn’t have the cash.

In the second scene, David Moss and the hopeless George Aaranow, both men in their fifties, commiserate about the difficulties of closing a sale, especially without the good leads—and the good leads go only to those who close sales. Moss suggests that if they could steal the leads from their office a competitor would be willing to buy them. When Aaranow asks if Moss is suggesting a burglary, Moss acts as if the thought had never occurred to him. However, he eventually not only suggests a burglary but insists that Aaranow must carry it out and that Aaranow is already involved as an “accessory” before the fact “because you listened.”

In the third scene, Richard Roma, the office’s star salesman, is talking with a man named Jim Lingk. Roma delivers a virtual monologue that seems to be about sex, loneliness, and the vagaries and insecurities of life. His tone is intimate and conversational, indicating that Lingk is an old friend of his. At the end, however, his tone changes and it is revealed that he has been lulling Lingk into a sales pitch with his casual demeanor.

Act II

Act II plays out the forces set in motion in the previous act with a more conventional structure. It is also much more comic than the first act. The act opens in the ransacked real estate office the next morning. A police detective, Baylen, is there to investigate the burglary and one by one the salesmen are called into Williamson’s office to talk to the detective. Roma arrives and demands to know if his contract for the sale of land to Lingk the previous night had been filed or stolen. Williamson waffles but eventually says that it was filed before the burglary. The sale will put Roma “over the top” and win him the Cadillac. Aaranow is nervous about being questioned and Roma advises,“tell the truth, George. Always tell the truth. It’s the easiest thing to remember.” Levene enters and says he has just sold eight parcels (properties). As he is discussing the closing, Moss comes out of the office highly insulted by Baylen’s accusatory treatment. The tension leads to savage, and very funny, confrontations with Roma and Levene. After Moss stalks out, Levene continues crowing about his success with Roma flattering and egging him on. Williamson comes in and Levene boasts about his sale. He attacks the office manager, telling him he has no “balls” and belittling him for having never been out on a sit. Roma spots Lingk coming into the building and smells trouble. He and Levene quickly go into an improvised scene with Levene playing a rich investor. Lingk is there because his wife insisted he cancel the contract. Roma stalls him saying that he has to get Levene to the airport. He further states that he has a prior obligation and that he will talk to Lingk on the following Monday. Lingk says that he has to cancel before that—his wife has called the Attorney General’s office and the contract cannot go into effect for three business days after the check has been cashed. Roma claims that the check hasn’t been cashed and that it won’t be

cashed until after he has talked to Lingk the following Monday. Aaranow bursts into the middle of this scene complaining about how he was treated by Baylen. Williamson, trying to be helpful, tells Lingk that his check has already been cashed. Lingk leaves after apologizing profoundly to Roma for having to back out of the deal. Roma screams at Williamson for ruining his deal. Seething, he goes into the office for his interrogation with the detective. Levene picks up where Roma left off, attacking Williamson for scuttling his friend’s sale. In his anger, Levene lets slip that he knew the contract had not in fact gone to the bank. Williamson realizes that the only way Levene could have known this information was if he had been in the office the night before, which he states. Williamson now knows that it was Levene who broke into the office and stole the leads. Adding insult to the broken salesman’s injury, he also points out that Levene’s sale was worthless—the people he closed were well-known eccentrics who had no money. When Roma comes back, Williamson enters his office to talk with Baylen. Roma says he wants to form a partnership with Levene. When Levene goes in to talk with Baylen, Roma tells Williamson that his “partnership” with Levene means that Roma gets all of his own commission and half of Levene’s. The play ends with Aaranow saying that he hates his job and Roma leaving for the Chinese restaurant to hunt for more prospects.

CHARACTERS

George Aaranow

George Aaranow is a fairly stupid salesman in his fifties who seems to be sucked into Moss’s scheme to steal the leads and sell them to a competitor. In Act II, Aaranow displays the only loyalty shown in the play: he keeps his mouth shut about Moss.

Baylen

Baylen is a police detective in his early forties. He is in the ransacked office in Act II to investigate the burglary and, although we never see him in direct questioning, he is rough enough to outrage even the tough salesmen.

Shelly Levene

Shelly Levene is a man in his fifties, formerly a hot salesman and now down on his luck. He needs a sale to survive. In Act I, scene 1, Levene pleads with his office manager, Williamson, for good leads and

MEDIA ADAPTATIONS

  • Glengarry Glen Ross was adapted as a film by David Mamet, directed by James Foley, and starring Jack Lemmon, Al Pacino, Ed Harris, Alec Baldwin, Alan Arkin, Kevin Spacey, Jonathan Pryce, Bruce Altman, and Jude Ciccolella; distributed by LIVE Entertainment, Movies Unlimited, Baker & Taylor Video.

agrees to bribe him but doesn’t have the necessary cash. Levene is so strapped for cash that he even has to worry about having enough to buy gas. He is the only character about whom we learn anything of his outside life: he lives in a resident hotel, he has a daughter, and the daughter is apparently dependent on him and perhaps is even in a hospital. When we see him in Act II, he enters the ransacked office crowing about having just closed a sale for eight parcels. He tells a detailed story of how he forced the buyers, two old people with little money, to close. In his new-found glory, he also berates Williamson for not being a man, for not knowing how to sell. In his excitement, he lets slip the fact that he knew that Williamson had not turned in Roma’s contract for the Lingk sale the night before and Williamson perceives that Levene could know that only if he had been in the office. He knows that Levene did the burglary and, in spite of pleading by Levene, turns him in to the police.

James Lingk

James Lingk is a customer to whom Roma sells a parcel of land. Lingk’s wife sends him back to cancel the deal, thus leading to an impromptu improvisational scene between Roma and Levene and a blown deal because of Williamson’s intrusion. Even after he knows that Roma lied to him, Lingk apologizes for breaking the deal.

The Machine

See Shelly Levene

Dave Moss

Dave Moss is a bitter man in his fifties who sets up a deal to sell the stolen leads to a competing firm headed by Jerry Graff. In Act I, scene 2, he seems to have trapped George Aaranow, a fellow salesman, into doing the actual burglary. In Act II we see an outraged Moss after he has been interrogated by the police. He says that no one should be treated that way and decides to leave for the day. Later, in an attempt to save himself, Levene tells Williamson that it was Moss who set up the burglary.

Richard Roma

Richard Roma, in his early forties, is the “star” salesman of the office. In Act I, scene 3, he seems to be talking to a friend but it turns out that he is merely softening up a stranger, Jim Lingk, for a sales pitch. In Act II we learn that he did close the deal but sees the deal fall through due to the ignorant intrusion of Williamson. Near the end of the play Roma seems to want to team up with Levene but even that apparent show of unity is just another scam.

John Williamson

John Williamson, a man in his early forties, is the office manager and is in charge of giving the “leads” to the salesmen. This gives him great power. He gives the best leads to those who have the best sales records, and the only way to sell is to have the best leads. In Act I he agrees to give top leads to Levene if Levene pays him fifty dollars per lead and twenty percent of his commissions. In Act II, Williamson is with the police detective, Baylen, questioning the salesmen. Williamson does intrude into the scene being played out by Roma and Levene in an attempt to keep Lingk from cancelling his contract and, in his ignorance, manages to spoil the deal. Both Roma and Levene attack him verbally and Levene lets slip the clue that allows Williamson to expose Levene as the burglar.

THEMES

The plot of Glengarry Glen Ross is simple: in Act I in three brief two-person scenes set in a Chinese restaurant we meet the principal characters and learn that they are under extreme pressure to sell apparently worthless land in Florida and that to succeed in this they need good sales “leads,” which

TOPICS FOR FURTHER STUDY

  • Read The Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller and compare the view of selling in that play with that in Glengarry Glen Ross. Is Willy Loman anything like the salesmen in Glengarry Glen Ross?
  • Investigate consumer protection laws in your state. Do you think they are needed to protect the consumer, or do they just provide more red tape for the businessperson?
  • Explore environmental problems caused by overdevelopment in Florida, Arizona, or Southern California.
  • How much does the name of a product reflect what that product actually is rather than what the producer would like us to think it is?
  • Are there limits on capitalism now? If so, what are they? Should there be more or fewer?

are under the control of the reptilian office manager, Williamson. Act II begins the next morning; the office has been ransacked and the leads stolen. The act ends with the apprehension of Levene, one of the salesmen, as the thief.

Duty and Responsibility

The major theme of Glengarry Glen Ross is business and, by extension, capitalism. Mamet never discusses, neither to praise nor to condemn, the workings of business; he shows the quintessential paradigm of business, the salesman, striving to survive by his wits in the system and how it damages and drains his better humanity. In the published play, Mamet includes a quote of the “Practical Sales Maxim: ‘Always Be Closing.’” Everything is business, even personal relationships.

American Dream

The American dream that we can “get ahead” through honest hard work is undermined by the fact that, for these salesmen at least, the only measure of success is material and the only way to succeed is to sell. They are selling land—probably worthless land—to people who dream that buying that land will somehow provide the big score, the chance to make large profits when they resell it. It is interesting to note that no one mentions building on or settling on the land; it is always referred to as an investment opportunity. Moreover, the salesmen will say anything and promise anything to “close.”

Alienation and Loneliness

Certainly all of the characters suffer alienation both from nature and other people. They are apparently unfamiliar with the land they sell and refer to it as “crap.” It is just a commodity. They are also alienated from their customers, whom they despise, and from each other. They do have a unity in despising what they know is an unfair system, but whenever it seems that friendship is involved—whether with one another or with a customer—we soon learn that it is just another scam, another preparation for “closing.” For example, Moss seems to commiserate with Aaranow but is really setting him up to do a burglary for him; Roma seems to be having a heartfelt conversation with Lingk, and it even appears to the audience that they are old friends; but, we find that he is just disarming a stranger when he produces a sales pamphlet; Roma suggests that he and Levene work as partners only to betray him almost immediately afterwards.

Language

Language will be discussed in some detail under “style,” but it should be noted here that language is also a major theme in Glengarry Glen Ross. Language as a means of communication has been subverted. Nothing that is said is necessarily true even when it seems to be in support of friendship or to express a philosophy of life. Language is used by these people solely as a tool to manipulate potential customers and each other.

Deception

Deception is at work on every level. We see lying and fantasy as a way of thinking and operating: certainly there seems to be little truth to anything anyone says to anybody. The most explicit example is in Act II when Lingk comes to the office to cancel his contract. Roma and Levene put on an elaborate improvised show for him in which Levene pretends to be an important executive with American Express who is a large investor in the land Roma is trying to sell. Throughout the play, the characters immediately turn to deception when they are in a tight corner—which is most of the time.

Success and Failure

Success and failure are very easily measured in the closed world of Glengarry Glenn Ross and by extension in the larger world of American capitalism. To succeed is to get money; to fail is not to get money. Again, it is not only the salesmen who measure success materially: their customers also think that if they buy the land they will sell it at a huge profit and eventually get something for nothing. Also, if these people do not make sales their whole sense of self is destroyed. For the salesman, selling is not just a job but a persona; it is who and what they are.

Morals and Morality

There is no mention of morals or morality or even business ethics in Glengarry Glen Ross. Morality and ethics are not part of the operating procedure. In Roma’s pseudo-philosophical discourse to Lingk, he says that he does “that today which seem to me correct today.” While Roma purports to accept that there may be an absolute morality, he says, “And then what?” It is the very absence of morality which gradually dawns on the audience and frames the entire play. These people operate in a vicious jungle in which only the strong survive and nothing else matters.

Conscience

Similarly, not one of the characters is troubled by conscience. Conscience does not seem to exist as a part of anyone’s makeup. Again, it is Roma who mentions the concept in Act I, scene 3: “You think that you’re a thief? So What? You get befuddled by a middle-class morality . . . ? Get shut of it. Shut it out. You cheated on your wife . . .? You did it, live with it. (Pause) You fuck little girls, so be it?”

Sexism

Glengarry Glen Ross depicts a world of men and men’s relationships. Selling is the sign of manhood. Roma and Levene both tell Williamson that he is not a man because he has never actively made sales. There are only two females who are even mentioned in the play: Lingk’s wife and Levene’s daughter. Lingk’s wife has forced Lingk to confront Roma and cancel his contract. Roma commiserates with him and, seemingly at least, wants to talk to him man-to-man about his problems. Lingk does cancel the contract with apologies for having “betrayed” Roma. Levene’s daughter, for whom he has provided an education, is apparently ill. This barely-mentioned daughter seems to provide the only glimpse of human warmth in this group of men.

Anger and Hatred

In that world of vicious competition devoid of morality or friendship, all the characters seem to operate out of anger and hatred: they are angry at Williamson for not producing better leads; they are angry with each other because the success of one means the failure of another. They are caught in an unfair system and they know it. Finally, at the end of the play, Aaranow states openly what all, with the possible exception of Roma, feel: “Oh, God, I hate this job.”

STYLE

Plot

The structure of Glengarry Glen Ross is unusual. Act I consists of three brief scenes, each scene a duologue. Through these scenes we learn the jargon of the real estate sales world, come to know the characters involved, and are introduced to the possiblity of a burglary of the sales office by two of the salesmen. Act II has a more conventional structure and is similar to that of a mystery play in which the perpetration of the crime is sought and caught. However, it would be a mistake to think that the interest of Glengarry Glen Ross is sustained by the plot. The main action is contained in the language and takes place through the shifting relationships and stories of the characters.

Action

Mamet is very clear about what is important in his plays. In one of his essays in Writing in Restaurants he points out that it is not the theme of the play to which we respond, but the action. In another essay in the same book he points out that “good drama has no stage directions. It is the interaction of the characters’ objectives expressed solely by what they say to each other—not by what the author says about them.” There is very little description even of the set in Glengarry Glen Ross and no directions for character action. Character is habitual action, and the author shows us what the characters do. It is all contained in the dialogue. There is no nonessential prose.

Language

In Writing in Restaurants Mamet says, “Technique is knowledge of how to translate incohate desire into clear action—into action capable of communicating itself to the audience.” The Characters in Glengarry Glen Ross are created by the language they use and, for the salesmen, at least, their livelihoods depend on their use of language. This language is not used to communicate truth but rather to hide truth, to manipulate others, savagely attack each other, and to tell stories that celebrate victory—as Levine does when telling how he closed a deal for eight parcels of land. It is no mistake that the salesmen far outshine the office manager Williamson, the customer Lingk, and the police detective Baylen (although through the reactions of Aaranow and Moss we know that Baylen also uses language powerfully when he is in charge of the interrogation off stage in Williamson’s office.) Language is ammunition in the primal battles for power and survival.

It is widely agreed that Mamet has an exact ear for male dialogue (Robert Cushman, an English critic, says, “Nobody alive writes better American”). However, his language is not naturalistic, not an exact copy of how people really speak; it is very carefully structured. The speech patterns, repetitions, interruptions, hesitations, great outbursts of savage obscenities, and scatologocal bombs becomes a sort of poetry. Remember, stage dialogue is not written to be read but rather to be heard. Mamet’s dialogue becomes musical. As Jack Shepard, the actor who played Roma in the first production, put it, “The rhythms are slick, fast, syncopated, like a drum solo.” We hear and feel the power of the music and sense the fear, panic, and desolation beneath it. The rhythm and the action are the same; the salesmen use their arias or duets to impress and control their audience, whether that audience is a potential customer or a colleague, or the theatre audience. And the theatre audience can get caught in these stories just as the characters on stage can. Levene’s story in Act II of the closing, his cutting away of nonessential words, the masterful uses of pauses in the storytelling, and the story itself (he tells of sitting silently for twenty-two minutes by the kitchen clock), and the solemn toast that took place after they signed draws the audience into the world of Levene. Roma’s speech to Lingk in Act I makes little logical sense, but it is masterful. Roma spins a tale filled with allusions to common bonds of sexuality, guilt, acceptance of oneself and of life, and builds a sense of male comradeship. He gives no pause in his double and triple talk except to allow Lingk to agree with him. Roma plays on Lingk’s obvious need for male friendship. He uses language to fascinate and then, like a cobra, strikes with the sales presentation.

Dramatic Irony

Glengarry Glen Ross is a very funny play in spite of its dark moral vision of a corrupt and demoralizing system. Part of the reason we are able to respond positively to the play is Mamet’s use of dramatic irony. Dramatic irony means that the audience knows more than some or all of the characters. Mamet assumes that we will feel superior to the characters on stage, that we know we live in a better world and behave in a better manner than they. This allows us to feel superior. We also sense, and this too figures into the dramatic irony, that Mamet likes and even admires his characters. In spite of their venality, greed, immorality, lack of loyalty, and vicious lies, he sees them as victims of the system in which they are forced to strive. It is the system that forces them to use their considerable talents to achieve unworthy ends. The characters are quickwitted, brilliantly audacious, and display the sort of tenacity common to all great comic characters. Perhaps the ultimate irony is that, to some extent, we do admire these characters and so recognize ourselves in them.

HISTORICAL CONTEXT

Business

While most people may not be familiar with the inner workings of a high pressure real estate sales office, the world surrounding Glengarry Glen Ross in 1983, the year the play was completed and first performed, certainly made that world seem not only plausible but almost inevitable. The 1980s in American business were a time of corporate takeovers, both friendly and unfriendly, in which those engineering those takeovers reaped personal rewards in the tens of millions of dollars. Frequently, those takeovers were funded by high-yield “junk bonds,” first proposed by Drexel Burnham Lambert executive Michael R. Milkin. Assets of the target company were pledged to repay the principal of the junk bonds, which yielded thirteen to thirty percent.

Former Japanese prime minister Kakuei Tonaka was convicted in Tokyo District Court October 12 of having accepted a $2.2 million bribe from Lockheed Corporation to use his influence to persuade All Nipon Airways to use Lockheed Tristar jets.

Politics

Social Security legislation was signed by President Reagan which delayed cost-of-living increases in payments and increased payroll deductions.

President Reagan told an evangelical group at Orlando, Florida, on March 8 that the Soviet Union was “an evil empire,” and was “the focus of evil in the modern world.” On March 23, President Reagan had proposed his “Strategic Defense Initiative,” a high-tech shield of satellites that would use lasers to shoot down incoming enemy missiles. Senator Ted Kennedy dubbed the program “Star Wars,” and few scientists believed the program to be possible despite its projected staggering costs.

On October 25, three thousand U.S. Marines, accompanied by three hundred military personnel from Caribbean nations, invaded the island nation of Grenada to topple “political thugs” who had taken over the government in a coup on October 12, and who seemed to be creating a new bastion for communism in the Caribbean.

November 2, President Reagan signed legislation to create a holiday in January to celebrate the birthday of Martin Luther King, a holiday which will be ignored by financial markets and most business firms.

Environment

Secretary of the Interior James G. Watt, who had fought to open federal lands to private exploitation including oil drilling, resigned October 9. He had caused outrage by lightheartedly declaring that his coal advisory commission was a well-balanced mix: “I have a black, a woman, two Jews, and a cripple.”

In the Soviet Union, commercial fishing ceased in the Aral Sea. The draining of water from the inland sea’s two source rivers in a massive project to irrigate surrounding desert had shrunk the sea by one third, doubled its salinity, and created an ecological disaster as winds blew chemically contaminated dust and salt from the sea bottom onto surrounding fields, poisoning water supplies and even mothers’ milk

Communications

In December, Chicago motorists began talking on cellular telephones in their cars, available at $3,000 plus $150 per month for service. The telephones quickly became not only handy business tools but highly desirable status symbols.

Miscellaneous

Cabbage Patch dolls became black market items as stores ran out of supplies.

CRITICAL OVERVIEW

The initial critical reactions in London to Glengarry Glen Ross were overwhelmingly, but not unanimously, positive. Robert Cushman in the Observer called it “the best play in London.” He was especially taken with Mamet’s use of language and mentioned his “fantastic ear for emphasis and repetition and the interrupting of people who weren’t saying anything anyway. Nobody alive writes better American.” He went on to say, “Here at last, carving characters and conflicts out of language, is a play with real muscle: here, after all the pieces we have half-heartedly approved because they mention ‘important’ issues as if mentioning were the same as dealing with. Glengarry Glen Ross mentions nothing, but in its depiction of a driven, consciousless world it implies a great deal.”

Michael Billington in the Guardian talked of Mamet’s brilliant use of language to depict character and attitudes and praised both the play and the production. Milton Shulman in the Standard praised the play and said, “There is a glib, breathtaking momentum in the speech rhythms that Mamet has devised for this pathetic flotsam.” Clive Hirschhorn in the Sunday Express was not enthusiastic about the first act, but called the second act “a dazzler.” Michael Coveny in the Financial Times was enthusiastic and said, “The text bubbles like a poisoned froth.” Giles Gordon in the Spectator called the play “something of a let-down,” and went on to say of the production that the “actors give the performances they always give.”

In New York, the plaudits were even greater. The most important critic, Frank Rich of the New York Times, gave a rave review of the play and said, “This may well be the most accomplished play its author has yet given us. As Mr. Mamet’s command of dialogue has now reached its most dazzling pitch, so has his mastery of theatrical form.” Howard Kissel in the influential Women’s Wear Daily was very positive and mentioned that, in spite of the lack of physical movement in the first act (which he likened to “some arcane Oriental puppet theatre”), the mood was not static: “intense animation comes from Mamet’s brilliant dialogue, the vulgar sounds one hears on any street corner shaped into a jarring, mesmerizing music.”

The headline above Clive Barnes’s New York Post review read, “Mamet’s ‘Glengarry:’ A Play To See and Cherish.” Barnes called it “Mamet’s most considerable play to date.” He said that Mamet’s language was able to “transform the recognizable into the essential,” and that “the characters and situations have never looked more special.” Jack Kroll in Newsweek said,“Mamet seems to get more original as his career develops,” and called him, “The Aristophanes of the inarticulate.” He went on to say,“He is that rarity, a pure writer.” Dennis Cunningham of WCBS said, “I could simply rave to the heavens,” and called Glengarry Glen Ross a “theatrical event, altogether extraordinary, an astonishing, exhilarating experience . . . and that rarest of Broadway achievements, a major American play by a major American playwright.” Douglas Watt of the Daily News found the play dull and said, “To elevate it to the status of a bitter comment on the American dream would amount to cosmic foolishness. It is what it is, a slice of life.”

Glengarry Glen Ross continues to receive serious critical attention. The first book-length study of Mamet was C. W. E. Bigsby’s David Mamet, published in 1985, which studies Mamet’s works from the beginning through Glengarry Glen Ross. Bigsby sees Mamet as a major writer whose concern has been with “dramatizing the inner life of the individual and of the nation.” Dennis Carroll’s book-length study, David Mamet, published in 1987, assesses Mamet at “Mid-Career,” and deals with the plays in thematic categories. Carroll also considers Mamet’s place in the larger context of drama and theatre and points out that, while each major play is open to many different interpretations,’ “This is the mark of any major artist whose special qualities nag at the sensibilities, but who cannot be too easily pigeonholed or defined. His achievements already stamp him as a major American playwright of his generation, whose work has both the vividness and the power to cross national boundaries.”

A brilliant major study by Anne Dean, David Mamet: Language as Dramatic Action, focuses on Mamet’s celebrated use of language and Mamet as a dramatic poet. There have been many critical essays dealing with Glengarry Glen Ross, some of the best collected in David Mamet: A Casebook, edited by Leslie Kane. Mamet and Glengarry Glen Ross have also become the subjects of numerous masters theses and doctoral dissertations.

CRITICISM

Terry Browne

Browne is an instructor at the State University of New York who specializes in drama. In this essay he discusses morality and characterization in Mamet’s play.

There is no doubt that David Mamet is a major writer and perhaps the preeminent American playwright of his generation. As Dennis Carroll pointed out in David Mamet, Mamet is the only American playwright to emerge from the 1970s who has managed to establish a significant international reputation. His plays have appealed to a large and wide range of audience.

Glengarry Glen Ross met with success not only in London and New York, but had a long United States national tour and quickly received major productions in Tel Aviv, Israel; Johannesburg, South Africa; Dublin, Ireland; Marseilles, France; Genoa, Italy; Sydney, Australia; Helsinki, Finland; and Tokyo, Japan. Moreover, Mamet had had major successes before Glengarry Glen Ross and has continued to write excitingly and successfully for the theatre in addition to his steady output of scripts for movies and his career as a film director. Furthermore, as Carroll pointed out, Mamet has created a body of work rich in complex variations on his themes rather than merely repeating himself obsessively.

He has written plays focusing on relationships between men and women, parents and children,

WHAT DO I READ NEXT?

  • American Buffalo, Mamet’s 1975 play about three low-life men plotting to steal a rare coin, gives another slant on Mamet’s view of American business.
  • Speed-the-Plow is Mamet’s 1987 “Hollywood play” produced in New York with Joe Mantegna, Ron Silver, and Madonna.
  • Oleanna, Mamet’s 1992 play, deals with teaching and the power of “political correctness” to utterly destroy a college professor.
  • The Death of a Salesman is Arthur Miller’s 1947 classic play about a salesman and distorted values in America.
  • Writing in Restaurants, a book of essays by Mamet, gives a good look at his philosophy of writing and his view of contemporary America.
  • A Whore’s Profession, 1996, is Mamet’s most recent book of essays about working as a writer.
  • The entry on David Mamet by Patricia Lewis and Terry Browne in Dictionary of Literary Biography, Volume 7: Twentieth-Century American Dramatists, published in 1981 by Gale, gives a good overview of Mamet’s early works.

sexual politics, communion, redemption, the power of language and the debasement of language, the passing on of knowledge and tradition, to mention only some major themes. He has also written books of essays, childrens’ plays, radio plays, and television scripts. While Glengarry Glen Ross contains many layers of thematic concern, it is usually grouped with American Buffalo and Speed-the-Plow as major plays that focus primarily on business and capitalism. In American Buffalo the characters are small-time thieves who consider themselves to be businessmen. Speed-the-Plow focuses on Hollywood, where the product is films and the focus is on raw power and making money.

There is no doubt that Mamet is a moral writer who seeks to make the audience aware of what he sees as the spiritual vacuum in present-day America (and, judging from the broad range of productions, in other countries as well). We are pressured to succeed, to make more money, to buy more things that we don’t need. We don’t take the time to regenerate our spirit. We do not accept responsibility for what happens to ourselves but rather operate on received values without questioning whether they are good or even aimed at making us happy. People full of energy and talent spend themselves seeking empty rewards. Mamet says in his book of essays Writing in Restaurants, “Our civilization is convulsed and dying, and it has not yet gotten the message. It is sinking, but it has not sunk into complete barbarity, and I often think that nuclear war exists for no other reason than to spare us that indignity.”

In another essay, Mamet says that “the essential task of the drama (as of the fairy tale) is to offer a solution to a problem which in nonsusceptible to reason. To be effective, the drama must induce us to suspend our rational judgment, and to follow the internal logic of the piece so that our pleasure (our “cure”) is the release at the end of the story.” We suspend reason in order to gain deep insights. The purpose of theatre is not to teach a lesson or to provide a neat “moral;” the purpose of theatre is to provide us with a communal experience which we then ponder, as we do all forceful experiences in our lives. Mamet does not preach his themes at us; his themes are played out. He does not describe his characters; he puts them into action. Mamet has said that the job of the dramatist is to translate the imperfectly formed desire of the characters into clear action that is capable of communicating itself to the audience.

In drama, just as in life, we judge people by what they do, by their actions. Aristotle, the ancient Greek philosopher, rightly said that character is just habitual action. The dramatist must show us what the character does rather than have him described by either himself or others. In his studies of the Stanislavksy system of acting with Sanford Meisner at the Neighborhood Playhouse School of Theatre, Mamet came to appreciate that the actor is always pursuing the character’s objectives, trying at each moment to achieve what the character wants. This action, which is always present in well written dialogue, is known as the “subtext.” It is by discovering the character’s objectives and how the character would go about trying to win those objectives, and then doing those things—the actions—that the actor and the character become one and the same. It is not a psychotic experience for the actor; it is mental focus. Moreover, by focusing on winning those objectives the actor is freed from extraneous considerations. The actor performs the actions, and the “meaning” of the play is in those actions. It is precisely his mastery and economy of action in dialogue which impresses audiences and makes plays by Mamet challenging and exciting for actors.

Joe Mantegna, who has acted in several Mamet plays and films and played Roma in the first U.S. production of Glengarry Glen Ross, said in an interview with Leslie Kane in her David Mamet: A Casebook, “The great thing about David is the way he can say so much with so little. . . everything else seems so over-written. There are certainly other writers who have that capability, such as Shakespeare and Pinter. As much is said between the lines as with the lines.” He also pointed out that because the writing is so concise and full of meaning, the actor must be precise in his choice of how each line is delivered. Mamet says that the actor does not need to characterize, he simply needs to find the correct action and then do it. From seeing those actions, the audience will draw its own conclusions about the character. Mantegna says, “You don’t have to worry about dropping little clues or hints that will help the audience figure this out later. No, you just play the moment as real as you can.”

Mamet has long been fascinated with language. His father would often stop conversation at the dinner table until David or his sister Lyn could find the exact word to express their meaning. In Writing in Restaurants he remembers that “our schoolyard code of honor recognized words as magical and powerful unto themselves,” and that “The Schoolboy Universe was not corrupted by the written

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word, and was ruled by the power of sounds.” It is that “power of sounds” which the characters in Glengarry Glen Ross use to achieve their objectives. As Jack Shepard, the Roma in the original London production, described it to Anne Deane in David Mamet: Language as Dramatic Action, ‘ “The rhythms are slick, fast, syncopated like a drum solo.” Frank Rich, the critic for the New York Times, talked of the dialogue in musical terms: “In the jagged riffs of coarse, monosyllabic words, we hear and feel both the exhilaration and sweaty desperation of the huckster’s calling.” In the interview with Dean, Shepard recalled the great tension of the rehearsal period: “There is just so much to remember at any one time in Mamet’s works . . . Mamet knows exactly what he wants . . . he is very fast, very dynamic.” The language has the feeling of improvisation with speeches overlapping, people interrupting each other, thoughts unfinished. It sounds like ordinary street talk or natural speech, but it has been painstakingly and specifically created to have an impact. It is crafted for the actor to use as action. This fact is especially important for the actors in Glengarry Glen Ross because the characters use language and storytelling to survive and to celebrate survival. The characters themselves are actors. This is most obvious during the improvised performance with which Roma and Levene attempt to steer Lingk away from his intention to cancel his contract, with Levene playing the vice president of American Express who is a major client and friend of Roma. Roma gives Levene only a few cues on how to proceed, and Levene enters the role. Another obvious instance occurs when Williamson tells Roma that Murray, one of die partners in the firm, will take care of re-closing Roma’s sales himself: “he’ll be the president, just come in from out of town.” Playing roles is natural for these people, and they change roles to suit their purposes in any given circumstances.

Levene is a master at this. In Act I he pleads with Williamson in an attempt to get good leads. He is submissive, repeats Williamson’s name, John, is careful not be critical of him, strives to appear confident, uses delaying tactics to prevent Williamson from turning him down. At the same time, Mamet has incorporated the rhythms of desperation into Levene’s speech. In Act II, when Levene tells the story of his sale, his enthusiasm and pride are unbounded and infectious. He carefully draws the scene, gives us enough detail without getting tedious, uses fluid phrasing to pull us along, and holds us in suspense as he recalls sitting silently at the kitchen table with me old couple for “twenty-two minutes by the kitchen clock” until “they wilted all at once. No gesture . . . nothing. Like together. They, I swear to God, they both kind of imperceptibly slumped.” After this climax to the story, Levene provides a denouement as he quietly recalls having a small drink to solemnize the occasion:“Little shot glasses. A pattern in ‘em. And we toast. In silence. (Pause.)” The story winds down gently and all are quiet in appreciation. The viewer may find reprehensible the fact that Levene has sold worthless land to old people who cannot afford it, but his story pulls us in and and we admire his performance nevertheless. The audience sees Levene the actor as masterful storyteller, and they also “see” Levene in a scene which he writes and in which he is the star actor. The viewer sees Levene selling himself.

Mamet based the characters in Glengarry Glen Ross to some extent on the men with whom he had worked for a year in a dubious real estate office in Chicago. He admired dieir ability to live by their wits and their dynamic addiction to what they did. He found them amazing. That does not mean that he approves of what they do. As he points out in Writing in Restaurants, “The desire to manipulate, to treat one’s colleagues as servants, reveals a deep sense of personal worthlessness: as if one’s personal thoughts, choices, and insights could not bear reflection, let alone a reasoned mutual examination.” Behind all the foul-moudied manipulation and boasting are people who are empty or nearly empty of humane values. They victimize others, but they are victims themselves of a system which offers no rewards but money and punishes failure by taking away the means of earning a living.

The mass media has created an audience who expect everything to be neatly summed up and easily spelled out for them, including laugh-tracks to tell mem when to laugh and somber music to tell them when to be sad. They want simple answers, lessons. Then mey will know what to say about die play, if they feel the need to say anything at all, and can go on the next diversion. But mat is not me job of theatre and David Mamet does not do that for us. Glengarry Glen Ross is character-centered and the characters are expressed through fast-paced action. The audience is given an exceptional and disturbing experience. Later, when we think about that experience, there are plenty of clues to the deeper meanings in the play for those who are attuned. The experience becomes our experience to ponder.

Source: Terry Browne, in an essay for Drama for Students, Gale, 1997.

Jack Kroll

In the following excerpt, Kroll offers a mixed review of Glengarry Glen Ross, asserting that in “trying to wed the uncompromising vision of moral primitivism in [his earlier play] American Buffalo with a more accessible, even commercial appeal,” Mamet introduces “elements of relatively conventional plotting and farce that occasionally wobble; the resolution of the real-estate-office rip-off doesn’t quite ring true.” Nevertheless, Kroll declares that “in all other respects Mamet is better than ever.”

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Source: Jack Kroll, “Mamet’s Jackals in Jackets,” in News-week, Vol. CIII, No. 15, April 9, 1984, p. 109.

“MAMET’S PITCHMEN SANDBAG THEIR GULLIBLE CUSTOMERS AND SLASH AWAY IN CUTTHROAT COMPETITION WITH EACH OTHER”

Frank Rich

In the following review, which originally appeared in the New York Times on March 26, 1984, Rich offers praise for Glengarry Glen Ross, applauding Mamet’s ability to make “all-American musichot jazz and wounding bluesout of his salesmen’s scatological native lingo,” and asserting that Glengarry Glen Ross “may well be the most accomplished play its author has yet given us.”

Rich is an American editor and performing arts critic.

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Source: Frank Rich, “Theatre: A Mamet Play, Glengarry Glen Ross” in New York Theatre Critics’ Reviews, Vol. XXXXV, no. 4, March 5, 1984.

FURTHER READING

Bigsby, C. W. E. David Mamet, Methuen, 1985, p. 15.

The first book-length study of Mamet covers from the beginning through Glengarry Glen Ross. An excellent introduction to the approaches and themes of Mamet.

Carroll, Dennis. David Mamet, MacMillan, 1987, p. 155.

An excellent assessment of Mamet at mid-career, from the beginnings through Glengarry Glen Ross approached by thematic groupings.

Dean, Anne. David Mamet: Language as Dramatic Action, Associated University Presses, 1990, pp. 96-197.

A brilliant analysis of Mamet’s use of language, approached overall and play-by-play. There are also useful insights into themes and the rehearsal process taken from interviews by the author.

Gordon, Clive. Review of Glengarry Glen Ross in the Spectator, September 27, 1983.

A remarkably unperceptive and arrogant review of the London production.

Kane, Leslie. Interview with Joe Mantegna, in her David Mamet: A Casebook, Garland, 1992, pp. 254-55, 259.

A fascinating look into the work of a fine actor in approaching and rehearsing a character. There are other essays in the Casebook that are helpful, notably “Power Plays: David Mamet’s Theatre of Manipulation” by Henry I. Schvey; and “Comedy and Humor in the Plays of David Mamet” by Christopher C. Hudgins.

Mamet, David. Writing in Restaurants, Penguin, 1986, pp. 3, 6, 13, 14, 20, 32, 116, 124-25.

A broad range of essays that are very useful in understanding of Mamet’s view of theatre, tradition, technique, and life in general.

Rich, Frank. Review of Glengarry Glen Ross in the New York Times, March 26, 1984.

A long, rich, and insightful review of the New York production.

SOURCES

Barnes, Clive. Review of Glengarry Glen Ross in the New York Post, March 26, 1984.

Billington, Michael. Review of Glengarry Glen Ross in Guardian, September 25, 1983.

Coveney, Michael. Review of Glengarry Glen Ross in Financial Times, September 22, 1983.

Cushman, Robert. Review of Glengarry Glen Ross in Observer, September 25, 1983.

Hirschhorn, Clive. Review of Glengarry Glen Ross in Sunday Express, September 25, 1983.

Kissel, Howard. Review of Glengarry Glen Ross in Womens Wear Daily, March 26, 1984.

Kroll, Jack. Review of Glengarry Glen Ross in Newsweek, April 9, 1984.

Shulman, Milton. Review of Glengarry Glen Ross in the Standard, September 22, 1983.

Watt, Douglas. Review of Glengarry Glen Ross in the Daily News, March 26, 1984.

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