Taxpayers in Georgia are classified into brackets determined by their annual income range. There are six brackets in two categories: individuals who file single tax returns and couples who file jointly. Each bracket has a base tax amount in addition to a marginal tax rate. Due to the manner in which the brackets are set up, most Georgia taxpayers will fall under the highest income bracket. Here are the Georgia income brackets as of 2018:

Single Taxpayers

$0 to $750 – one percent
$750 to $2,250 – $7.50 plus two percent
$2,250 to $3,750 – $37.50 plus three percent
$3,750 to $5,250 – $82.50 pus four percent
$5,250 to $7,000 – $142.50 plus five percent
$7,000 and over – $230 plus six percent

Couple Filing Joint Tax Returns

$0 to $1,000 – one percent
$1,000 to $3,000 – $10 plus two percent
$3,000 to $5,000 – $50 plus three percent
$5,000 to $7,000 – $110 plus four percent
$7,000 to $10,000 – $190 plus five percent
$10,000 and over – $340.00 plus six percent

When calculation Georgia income tax, the first step is to add up all taxable income. In the specific case of earnings reported on Form W-2 of the Internal Revenue Service, the aggregate gross income must be used, which is the salary received before federal taxes and other deductions are subtracted; the same goes for other sources of income that may have already been taxed at the federal level. Let’s say a Georgia taxpayer sells shares of Microsoft and makes a profit on the transaction; if the stock brokerage withholds capital gains taxes, the full gain must be reported as personal income.

Once the total personal income received during the year has been added up, applicable tax deductions must be subtracted. In 2018, the Georgia deductions are $2,300 for individuals filing single returns and $3,000 for couples filing jointly; however, other deductions such as the Georgia 529 college savings plan may apply.

The final step of the income tax calculation involves applying the marginal tax rate and base amount according to the appropriate bracket.

Let’s say an Atlanta family earns $80,000 in combined annual salaries; if they take the Georgia tax deduction for couples filing jointly, their adjusted income would be $77,000. Since this family falls under the highest income bracket of six percent. Their tax would be calculated as follows:

$77,000 * 0.06 = $4,620

The base tax amount for this income bracket is $340, which should be added to marginal tax rate. This bring the tax due to $4,960. In 2017, the average income tax paid by Georgia families was $1,876.

Jim Treebold

Jim Treebold is a North Carolina based writer. He lives by the mantra of “Learn 1 new thing each day”! Jim loves to write, read, pedal around on his electric bike and dream of big things. Drop him a line if you like his writing, he loves hearing from his readers!

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Arizona State Income Tax Brackets For Single Residents

Tax Bracket
$0.00+ – 2.59 percent
$10,179+ – 2.88 percent
$25,445+ – 3.36 percent
$50,890+ – 4.24 percent
$152,668 – 4.54 percent

If you’re a single resident in Arizona, there are five different tax brackets that you will need to look at to see how much you’ll have to pay for your Arizona State income tax. Each tax bracket represents a portion of your income. As your income goes higher, you use more tax brackets to figure your Arizona State income tax.

As an example, if your income is $66,500, you will use four of the tax brackets. Here’s how you calculate your Arizona income tax for $66,500:

((($10,179 x .0259 = $263.64) + ($15,266 x .0288 = $439.66) + ($25,445 x $854.95 = $854.95) + ($8565 x .0424 = $363.16)) = $1921.40)

This state income tax figure also took into consideration that you took the standard deduction of $4945, a personal exemption of $2100 and zero dependents.

Arizona State Income Tax Brackets For Married Residents Filing Jointly

Tax Bracket
$0.00+ – 2.59 percent
$20,357+ – 2.88 percent
$50,890+ – 3.36 percent
$101,779+ – 4.24 percent
$305,336+ – 4.54 percent

If you reside in Arizona and decide to file your taxes jointly with a spouse, you will have five different tax brackets to figure your taxable income. You should total both of your incomes together when figuring the amount that you will have to pay for your Arizona State income tax. Here’s an example if you are filing your taxes jointly and reside in Arizona.

Let’s say you make $$45,000 in 2018 and your spouse makes $35,000. You must combine both figures when determining how much Arizona income tax you will both have to pay. To do this you would take ($45,000 + $35,000 = $80,000) to come up with a final total income of $80,000 In this case, you’ll be using three tax brackets to determine your Arizona income tax. Here’s how you would calculate that figure:

(($20,357 x 0.259 = $527.25) + ($30,533 x 0.288 = $879.35) + ($15027 x 0.336 = $504.91) = $1911.50)

The state income tax figure was based off you claiming an exemption for yourself, an exemption for your spouse and zero dependents. This would equal $9883 as a standard deduction and personal exemptions of $4200 for the state of Arizona.

Arizona Tax Deductions

When you figure your state income tax for Arizona, use your adjusted gross income (AGI) after you have taken any deductions that you qualify for. These qualifying deductions may include any of the following:

– Exemptions for dependents
– Business expenses
– The Arizona standard deduction

You must remember that your situation will be unique. If you own a business, have dependents or decide not to use your standard deduction, your Arizona State income tax payment will reflect these differences.

Jim Treebold

Jim Treebold is a North Carolina based writer. He lives by the mantra of “Learn 1 new thing each day”! Jim loves to write, read, pedal around on his electric bike and dream of big things. Drop him a line if you like his writing, he loves hearing from his readers!

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As the situation stands in 2018, homeowners in Texas pay some of the highest property taxes in the United States. On average, residential property in Texas is taxed slightly below two percent on an annual basis; for example, in the Austin real estate market, the owner of three-bedroom townhouse assessed with a value of $300,000 would receive a tax bill higher than $5,900 if no exemptions are claimed. Only a few states impose higher property Taxes than Texas, with New Jersey being the highest in 2018; however, it should be noted that workers in the Lone Star State are not subject to income taxation.

The base calculation of property taxes in Texas involves adding up the values assessed for the land and the structure. These values are declared by the county assessor after January 1, and they are valid through December 31. Once both values are added up, the applicable exceptions must be subtracted before the property tax rates can be applied.

The property tax rate in Texas is set in accordance to section of 26.16 of the Property Tax Code, which means that assessments are split into appraisal districts in each county. For the example below, the Oak Creek Metro Park appraisal district will be used:

Land and Tax Value: $300,000

Exemption: Homestead

There are various property tax exemptions to benefit the diverse homeowner population of Texas. The homestead exception is pretty much standard for owner-occupied residential properties; one of the highest exemptions is for Texas residents who are disabled veterans over the age of 65.

To effectively apply the homestead exemption, homeowners must be familiar with how much the various tax units in their appraisal district will credit. In this particular case, the Oak Creek Metro Park district makes the following allowances:

Travis County $60,000
Travis Central Health $60,000
Austin Community College $5,000
City of Austin $24,000
Austin ISD $25,000
Onion Creek Metro Park District $0.00

Before applying the effective rates of the tax units above, the exception should be subtracted from the $300,000 assessed value:

Tax Rates

Travis County – 0.369000 $886
Travis Central Health – 0.107385 $258
Austin Community College – 0.100800 $297
City of Austin – 0.444800 $1,228
Austin ISD – 1.192000 $3,278
Onion Creek Metro Park District – 0.200000 $600

Estimated annual tax: $6,546

Although Texas property taxes can be calculated with pencil and paper, most homeowners will at least use a calculator or Microsoft Excel; the best way to estimate taxes is to visit the websites of the county assessors and use their various online tools.

Property tax relief for Texas homeowners is not expected to take place in 2018. In 2017, Governor Greg Abbott proposed an overhaul of state taxation, but the legislature did not act upon his proposal.

Jim Treebold

Jim Treebold is a North Carolina based writer. He lives by the mantra of “Learn 1 new thing each day”! Jim loves to write, read, pedal around on his electric bike and dream of big things. Drop him a line if you like his writing, he loves hearing from his readers!

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In consumer societies such as the United States, the marginal propensity to consume (MPC) can be used to recognize socioeconomic trends and consumer behavior in reaction to major events such as inflation, deflation, income growth, income inequality, employment levels, recessions, depressions, and market corrections.

In late 2016, MPC in the United States was calculated to be between 90 and 98 percent; what this means is that the rate of personal savings is quite low when compared to other developed nations and global economic leaders.

MPC calculations at macroeconomic levels are very complex because they take into account aggregate and statistical data. On a personal finance level, calculating MPC is a very simple matter:

* MPC = Income Consumed or Spent / Income Earned * 100

The result of the formula above is expressed as a percentage, but it can also be expressed as a ratio. Let’s find, for example, the MPC of a Nebraska family that enjoys a household income of $100,000 per year but spends most of it:

$99,000 / $100,000 * 100 = 99 percent MPC

MPC is more realistic when net income is utilized instead of gross income. For this Nebraska family, the MPC situation is alarming since they are above the high end of the national range.

Marginal Propensity to Save (MPS) is also a very simple calculation. Let’s say a Montana family also enjoys $100,000 in annual household income, and they are able to put away $50,000 in the bank:

$50,000 / $100,000 * 100 = 50 percent MPS

Again, it is better to use gross income when calculating MPS. This calculation is often referred to as the household savings or personal savings rate, and it is closely watched by global entities such as the World Bank and the Organization for Economic Development and Cooperation (OECD).

Among OECD countries, the United States does not have the lowest household savings rate, that would be Denmark, a country where the savings rate is actually negative. Whereas Americans have a household savings rate of 4.9 percent, Danish families have a dismal rate of -4.1 percent; however, it should be noted that the levels of social welfare, employment and access to adequate healthcare are considerably higher than in the U.S.

When it comes to estimating an ideal MPS rate, the sky is the limit. Personal finance planners often tell their clients to save up as much as possible. Democratic Senator Elizabeth Warren is advised by a team of economists who believe that the ideal MPS rate for American families should be at least 20 percent; plus, the Senator also believes all Americans should allocate some of their income towards investments.

Setting aside MPS, one of the most effectively realistic savings plans consists of always keeping three months’ worth of living expenses in reserves; if a family needs at least $2,000 per month to cover rent or mortgage payments along with groceries, medicines, household items, utilities, and health insurance premiums, that family should strive to keep a cash reserve of $6,000.

Jim Treebold

Jim Treebold is a North Carolina based writer. He lives by the mantra of “Learn 1 new thing each day”! Jim loves to write, read, pedal around on his electric bike and dream of big things. Drop him a line if you like his writing, he loves hearing from his readers!

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Defining The Pennyweight Of Gold And Karats

It’s not surprising that many types of jewelry contain gold. This precious metal is valuable and aesthetically pleasing to the eye. However, gold is also a soft metal. It’s not as durable as other metals when used by itself. To remedy this, jewelers combine gold with other metals when creating jewelry. Jewelers understand that you want to know the proportion of gold and use karats to signify this amount. If jewelry has 24 karats of gold, no other metals are present. Typically, most jewelry will contain between 10 to 18 karats of gold. The other measurement used to measure gold is pennyweight. One pennyweight is equivalent to 1/20 of an ounce.

Find The Amount Of Karats

When gold jewelry is created, a jeweler will mark it with the number of karats of gold that it contains. This jeweler’s mark is often hidden in an inconspicuous place. To locate the amount of karats in your piece of gold jewelry, you will need to look in every nook and crevice. If you don’t spot the unique maker’s mark on your first try, you may need to use a magnifying glass.

Utilize A Digital Jewelry Scale

After you have found out how many karats of gold your jewelry contains, you need to weigh your jewelry. To ensure that your reading is accurate, it’s best to use a scale that is made for weighing smaller units. You can find this type of scale at a hobby store, craft shop or online. When you conduct your search, look for a digital jewelry scale that has the ability to weigh gemstones, lapidary materials and jewelry. It should have the ability to weigh items with a weight of 0.01 grams or more.

Figure The Pennyweight

When you figure the pennyweight, you need to divide the number of karats by 24. As an example, if your jewelry ways 18 karats, you would divide 18 by 24 (18/24 = .75) to come up with .75. You now know that your jewelry contain 75 percent gold. Next, multiply that number by the weight of your jewelry that you’ve determined by using a digital jewelry scale. If you’re piece of jewelry weighs 0.6 ounces, this would give you a (0.6 x .75 = 0.45) a weight of gold in ounces that is equal to 0.45. Multiply that number by 20 (0.45 x 20 = 9) to determine the pennyweight of 9.

Calculating Gold Value

If you’d like to calculate the gold value as well, check the current price of spot gold in ounces and divide that by 20. This gives you the current pennyweight value of gold. If gold is at $1200 per ounce, a pennyweight of gold would be equivalent to ($1200/20 = $60) $60. At $60 per pennyweight, the piece of jewelry you have in the previous example would have a gold value ($60 x 9 = $540) equal to $540.

Jim Treebold

Jim Treebold is a North Carolina based writer. He lives by the mantra of “Learn 1 new thing each day”! Jim loves to write, read, pedal around on his electric bike and dream of big things. Drop him a line if you like his writing, he loves hearing from his readers!

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Identifying Old Money

The first step that you will need to take is to identify the type of money that you currently possess. Currencies from different decades come in a variety of categories. Here are just a few of the common types that you may currently be holding:

– Old banknotes
– Old American bills
– Old American colonial currency
– Old Canadian currency
– Old money that has been printed in error
– Federal Reserve notes or bills
– Currencies from other countries

Determine Value And Year Of Print

After you’ve identified the type of old money that you have, you will need to identify the face value and date that the money was printed. You should be able to locate this information on the currency. It will either be located on the front or back of the paper. You also want to evaluate the condition of the bill. If it’s been graded by a paper money grading company such as PCGS, it will have a grade that reflects its condition. The value of your old money will also be determined by its status of circulation. If you have an uncirculated note, it may look brand-new — highly circulated notes may have considerable wear and tear.

Search For Old Currency Dealers

After you determine the denomination and other identifying factors for your currency, search the internet for dealers who have expertise with old money. Some dealers have a database where you can enter the description for your old money and receive a current day value. Some of these valuation services are offered for free. However, you may have to register before being allowed to use the service.

Using Government Services

Another way to discover the value of your old money is by utilizing the online services provided by some governments. If you search on the internet, you will find a few countries that will allow you access to calculators that will help determine the value of your old money. If your specimen of old money is from Europe, you can visit http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/currency-converter to calculate its purchasing power. To use the old money calculator, enter the year, face value and printing date of the note.

Auction Websites

Auction sites like eBay have changed the way that collectors can value their old money. You can use previous data from the site to determine the value of similar old money that has already been sold. In the search bar, enter the country, denomination and year of your bill, this will bring up any current auctions for old currency similar to yours. In the search options section, change the current auctions to reflect sold listings. Search through the sold listings and try to find a bill that has the same characteristics as your old money — condition, errors, etc. Use the sold value of similar items to assess the value of your old note or bill.

These steps provide the quickest way for you to determine the value of your old money. However, if you have something that’s really rare, you may need to contact a dealer and send them a few photos. Be sure to get the opinion of more than one dealer if you are going to sell old money that has significant value.

Jim Treebold

Jim Treebold is a North Carolina based writer. He lives by the mantra of “Learn 1 new thing each day”! Jim loves to write, read, pedal around on his electric bike and dream of big things. Drop him a line if you like his writing, he loves hearing from his readers!

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In metallurgical terms, the real value of gold in 2018 is of little consequence to traders and investor, who are mostly concerned with its market value. Gold is still being mined, extracted and processed, but its industrial demand and applications are just shadows of what they used to be. In the jewelry and high-end audio industries, for example, advanced alloys can be used instead of gold, and they can be manufactured at far more affordable costs.

In early April 2018, the value of an ounce of gold was priced at $1,333. Most of the gold traded in the commodities market and even on Wall Street as exchange-traded funds is not physical; pricing is subject to market demand for financial instruments such as futures contracts, securities and certificates. Despite all this market activity, gold has an advantage insofar as being still being valued and accepted in its physical form.

If an individual holding an ounce worth of gold in nuggets, coins and jewelry pieces, she can exchange them for cash at market prices; however, purity will determine how much she will get for her pieces.

The purity of gold is measured on the standard karat system, which is based on a range of 24 points. If all the pieces held by the woman in the example above are 24-karat gold, she will likely be able to get about $1,300 for them.

A common method for testing the purity of gold involves a touchstone, a jewelry scale and various acids that act as reagents. The acids come in dropper bottles ranging between 10 and 24 karats. The gold pieces are scratched against the touchstone; the marks or streaks left by the metal on the stone are meant to be saturated with the acid, which will turn a dark color. Like other chemical tests, accuracy must be obtained by means of a control method, which in this case would involve testing a piece that is known to be of a specific karat.

Jewelers may also use electronic devices to test the conducive properties of gold; this is achieved by applying a special gel and sending an electric charge between the device and the piece. The most sophisticated and expensive purity testing method involves the use of x-ray spectrometry.

In general, a 14-karat piece of gold is said to be nearly 60 percent pure; to this effect, if a batch of 14K gold rings weighs an ounce, the buyer will offer 60 percent of the market price. In April 2018, the troy weight of an ounce of pure gold, about 31 grams, would have paid $1,333; however, if the pieces tested at 14K, the value of the batch would be around $800.

Jim Treebold

Jim Treebold is a North Carolina based writer. He lives by the mantra of “Learn 1 new thing each day”! Jim loves to write, read, pedal around on his electric bike and dream of big things. Drop him a line if you like his writing, he loves hearing from his readers!

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First of all, heirs must know that the Internal Revenue Service will not assess taxes based on inherited income up to a certain level. As for state revenue collection agencies, the following jurisdictions had some level of taxation on inherited cash as of 2018:

* Iowa
* Kentucky
* Maryland
* Nebraska
* New Jersey

Let’s say a woman in Florida files the will of her late husband in probate court; once the estate administrator closes the decedent’s bank accounts and consolidates them into a single check worth $74,000, the widow will not have to worry about reporting that inheritance as income.

A widow residing in the states listed above will have to check with the local revenue collection agencies as to how inheritance income should be reported. In Iowa, for example, inheritance cash can be taxed between 5 and 15 percent according to the relation between the decedent and the heirs, but only on amounts greater than $25,000.

In essence, inheritance income is not taxed by the IRS; nonetheless, it is important to note that this is not the same as estate taxation, which as of 2017 is assessed when an individual leaves $5,490,000 to heirs upon passing away. The heirs are not necessarily on the hook to pay taxes on the estate, but the administrator will be called upon to file the proper return and pay taxes as determined by the IRS.

With the above in mind, there are some exceptions when the inheritance itself generates income or is deposited in retirement plan accounts. Let’s say two sisters in California inherit a home that their mother was renting to a family for $2,000 per month. While the property can pass to the heirs without taxation, the rent payments receive will be treated as taxable income and must be reported. If the probate court determines that ownership of the home should be distributed 50/50, each sister should report the $600 received each month until the lease contract expires or is terminated.

Things are different when the inherited cash is in a 401(k) plan or in an individual retirement account. These investment vehicles allow account holders to skip paying taxes when they make contributions; if this is the case, the heirs will have to report income when they take money out of the inherited plans. Whether this income will be taxed or not depends on the personal tax bracket, deductions and filing status of the heirs.

When heirs receive Roth IRA or 401(k) accounts, no income tax will be due since the account holder already paid taxes at the time they made contributions. Reporting income derived from inherited Roth retirement is a situation that should be analyzed by a tax attorney or by a CPA.

Jim Treebold

Jim Treebold is a North Carolina based writer. He lives by the mantra of “Learn 1 new thing each day”! Jim loves to write, read, pedal around on his electric bike and dream of big things. Drop him a line if you like his writing, he loves hearing from his readers!

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Beta is a coefficient measurement, which means that it must be compared to benchmarks such as the performance of industry groups or the S&P 500 index. The essential comparison is risk versus risk; the beta of Microsoft shares during the first week of April 2018 was 1.32, which means that it may outperform the S&P 500 by 0.32 percent because a beta of 1.00 percent suggests long-term stability. A beta of 2.00 percent would suggest that a stock is expected to perform better than the S&P 500 by a significant margin.

The reason fundamental analysts pay attention to beta is because is based on the Capital Asset Pricing Model, which is a very respected tool in the field of finance accounting. The reason technical analysts follow the beta of equity securities is because it can also be based on historical values, thereby indicating trading behavior and opportunities to take market positions.

Unlevered beta can be used to measure the risk that a company without significant debt obligations faces in the stock market. When a company manages substantial leverage, it must use earnings to pay off debts, which means that shareholders are second to the company’s priorities since creditors must be paid first.

The first step in calculating the unlevered beta of a stock is to obtain the beta; a good source would be Bloomberg, MarketWatch or the data feed provided by retail stock brokerages such as Fidelity and E*TRADE. The next step is to look at the financial statements and find the taxation rate, the company’s debt and its equity. The formula is as follows:

* Unlevered beta = Beta / [1 + (1 – Rate of Taxation * Debt / Equity)]

Since unlevered beta mostly focuses on the assets of companies, it can be an overly optimistic measurement. A better way to interpret unlevered beta is to approach it cautiously as a measurement of how the company would stand to the systematic risk of the market.

An interesting situation related to beta was experienced on Wall Street over a few trading sessions in February 2018. The issue was centered on a couple of exchange-traded funds that track the market volatility index known as VIX. These highly technical ETFs exhibited very high betas when compared to the overall market, thus attracting the attention of quite a few traders. Calculating the unlevered beta of these securities makes sense because they operate with negligible debt levels; nonetheless, they are atypical operations. Despite their high betas, market volatility and high frequency trading got the best of these ETFs, which ended up bringing down Wall Street and forcing a correction.

In the end, unlevered beta will work better for investors who are analyzing companies that operate in traditional industries, and which have little exposure to debt.

Jim Treebold

Jim Treebold is a North Carolina based writer. He lives by the mantra of “Learn 1 new thing each day”! Jim loves to write, read, pedal around on his electric bike and dream of big things. Drop him a line if you like his writing, he loves hearing from his readers!

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Unemployment funds are managed by state agencies with the assistance and oversight of the Treasury Department. These funds are supported by contributions collected by the Internal Revenue Service and by state taxation regulators; the funding sources are payroll taxes paid by employers, not by workers.

The Federal Unemployment Tax Act was enacted in 1939 during a particularly harsh era for American workers. During the Great Depression, the unemployment reached levels higher than 25 percent; this made it easy for lawmakers to pass FUTA. At the same time, the U.S. Congress also approved the State Unemployment Tax Act and laid out its rules and revenue collection mechanisms.

Business owners who have an Employer Identification Number, and who pay at least $1,500 in payroll during any quarter of the calendar or fiscal year, are subject to FUTA and SUTA taxation. Another determination of this obligation would be keeping at least one employee on payroll for 20 weeks; this determination applies to full-time, part-time, seasonal, or occasional employees. Small business owners who hire independent contractors in lieu of keeping staff on payroll are not subject to FUTA or SUTA.

Calculating FUTA is part of the IRS Form 940, which must be filed by January 31st. The rate as of 2018 is six percent on the salary paid to each employee up to $7,000 during the calendar year. Let’s say a bookkeeper worked 15 hours per week from early January until the end of July; if the the bookkeeper was paid $20 per hour for her services, she probably made around $8,400, but the FUTA obligation for this part-time employee is capped at $7,000, which means that the tax would be $420.

SUTA calculations vary considerably from one state to another. For the most part, SUTA rates are set within a range that conforms to factors such as the annual salaries of employees, seasoning of the business, industry, and state programs.

In Massachusetts, SUTA taxes start at 0.73 percent and are capped at 11.13 percent. An entrepreneur who opens a new café in Boston, for example, would not have to worry about paying 11.13 percent SUTA; her tax rate would start at 1.87 percent plus 0.056 percent destined towards the state retraining fund and 0.81 percent for an initial assessment of solvency. One of the lowest SUTA tax rates in the United States can be found in Oklahoma.

Business owners who wish to avoid FUTA and SUTA tax obligations can do so by retaining the services of independent contractors and freelancers; however, this often translates into much higher hourly rates and a general aversion to “going the distance” for the company.

Jim Treebold

Jim Treebold is a North Carolina based writer. He lives by the mantra of “Learn 1 new thing each day”! Jim loves to write, read, pedal around on his electric bike and dream of big things. Drop him a line if you like his writing, he loves hearing from his readers!

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