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troubadours
troubadours , aristocratic poet-musicians of S France (Provence) who flourished from the end of the 11th cent. through the 13th cent. Many troubadours were noblemen and crusader knights; some were kings, e.g., Richard I, Cœur de Lion; Thibaut IV, king of Navarre; and Alfonso X, king of Castile and León. Of the more than 400 known troubadours living between 1090 and 1292 the most famous are Jaufré Rudel de Blaia, Bernart de Ventadorn, Peire Vidal , Raimbaut de Vaqueiras, Folquet de Marseille (archbishop of Toulouse), Bertrand de Born , Arnaut Daniel, Gaucelm Faidit, Raimon de Miraval, Arnaut de Mareuil, and Guiraut Riquier. Of lower birth were the jongleurs who performed the troubadours' works and perhaps assisted in their composition. Troubadour lyrics were sung and accompanied by instruments that probably duplicated the melody (all the music preserved is monophonic). The poems were written in the southern dialect called langue d'oc. The most common forms were sirventes (political poems), plancs (dirges), albas (morning songs), pastorals, and Jeux-partis (disputes); the favorite subjects were courtly love, war, and nature. After the Albigensian Crusade (see Albigenses ), in which many troubadours were caught up because their noble patrons were either sympathetic to the heretics or heretics themselves, Provençal culture declined. The influence of the widely traveling troubadours spread to central and N France, where their counterparts were the trouvères . In Germany they were imitated by the minnesingers . The tradition was also carried to Spain and Italy. In France annual festivals known as the Jeux Floraux were established in the 14th cent. to revive troubadour art.
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"troubadours." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2011. Encyclopedia.com. 28 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "troubadours." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2011. Encyclopedia.com. (May 28, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-troubado.html "troubadours." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2011. Retrieved May 28, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-troubado.html |
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troubadours
troubadours, poets composing in Provençal during the 12th and early 13th cents, famous for the complexity of their verse forms in the lyric, and for the conception of courtly love which is founded to an important degree in their poems. Guilhem IX (1071–1127), count of Poitiers and duke of Aquitaine, is the first known troubadour; Jaufre Rudel (d. before 1167) developed the theme of ‘amor de lonh’, love from afar. The best admired troubadour love poets are Bernart de Ventadorn (fl. 1140–75), Raimbaut d'Aurenga (c.1144–73), Guiraut de Borneil (c.1165–1212), and Arnaut Daniel (fl. 1180–1200). The troubadours flourished in the courts of Spain, Italy and northern France, as well as in the south of France, and courtly poetry in Provençal was being written and cultivated in Italy in the later 13th cent. Through their influence on the Northern French poets (such as Chrétien, and the writers of the Roman de la Rose) and on the German poets of the Minnesang (see Minnesingers) they had a major effect on all the subsequent development of European lyric poetry.
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MARGARET DRABBLE and JENNY STRINGER. "troubadours." The Concise Oxford Companion to English Literature. 2003. Encyclopedia.com. 28 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. MARGARET DRABBLE and JENNY STRINGER. "troubadours." The Concise Oxford Companion to English Literature. 2003. Encyclopedia.com. (May 28, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O54-troubadours.html MARGARET DRABBLE and JENNY STRINGER. "troubadours." The Concise Oxford Companion to English Literature. 2003. Retrieved May 28, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O54-troubadours.html |
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troubadours
troubadours Poet in the s of France from the 11th to the 14th century who wrote about love and chivalry. Troubadors' poems were sung by wandering minstrels called jongleurs. They wrote in the Provençal tongue, the langue d'oc, and much of their work, which was highly influential in the development of European lyric poetry, survives in songbooks.
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"troubadours." World Encyclopedia. 2005. Encyclopedia.com. 28 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "troubadours." World Encyclopedia. 2005. Encyclopedia.com. (May 28, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O142-troubadours.html "troubadours." World Encyclopedia. 2005. Retrieved May 28, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O142-troubadours.html |
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troubadour
troubadour A lyric poet or minstrel in the 11th century in southern France, particularly in Provence. Their poetry dealt with courtly love, CHIVALRY, religion, and politics, but usually the matter was heavily disguised in formal, decorative language. Much of it was heretical, and in the 13th century many of its devotees were persecuted.
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"troubadour." A Dictionary of World History. 2000. Encyclopedia.com. 28 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "troubadour." A Dictionary of World History. 2000. Encyclopedia.com. (May 28, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O48-troubadour.html "troubadour." A Dictionary of World History. 2000. Retrieved May 28, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O48-troubadour.html |
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troubadour
trou·ba·dour / ˈtroōbəˌdôr; -ˌdoŏr/ • n. a French medieval lyric poet composing and singing in Provençal in the 11th to 13th centuries, esp. on the theme of courtly love. ∎ a poet who writes verse to music. |
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"troubadour." The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English. 2009. Encyclopedia.com. 28 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "troubadour." The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English. 2009. Encyclopedia.com. (May 28, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O999-troubadour.html "troubadour." The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English. 2009. Retrieved May 28, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O999-troubadour.html |
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troubadour
troubadour Provençal lyric poet. XVIII. — F. — Pr. trobador = OF. trovere, obl. troveor TROUVÈRE, f. Pr. trobar, OF. trover (mod. trouver) compose, (later) invent, find.
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T. F. HOAD. "troubadour." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology. 1996. Encyclopedia.com. 28 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. T. F. HOAD. "troubadour." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology. 1996. Encyclopedia.com. (May 28, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O27-troubadour.html T. F. HOAD. "troubadour." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology. 1996. Retrieved May 28, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O27-troubadour.html |
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troubadours
troubadours. See minstrels.
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MICHAEL KENNEDY and JOYCE BOURNE. "troubadours." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Music. 1996. Encyclopedia.com. 28 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. MICHAEL KENNEDY and JOYCE BOURNE. "troubadours." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Music. 1996. Encyclopedia.com. (May 28, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O76-troubadours.html MICHAEL KENNEDY and JOYCE BOURNE. "troubadours." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Music. 1996. Retrieved May 28, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O76-troubadours.html |
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troubadour
troubadour
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"troubadour." Oxford Dictionary of Rhymes. 2007. Encyclopedia.com. 28 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "troubadour." Oxford Dictionary of Rhymes. 2007. Encyclopedia.com. (May 28, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O233-troubadour.html "troubadour." Oxford Dictionary of Rhymes. 2007. Retrieved May 28, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O233-troubadour.html |
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