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Berwick, treaty of
Berwick, treaty of, 1560. The years 1558–60 were critical in Anglo-Scottish relations. The death of Mary Tudor in 1558 placed a protestant on the English throne. Mary, queen of Scots, became queen of France in 1559, with her mother Mary of Guise as regent for her in Scotland. Her catholicizing policy was opposed by the lords of the Congregation, a group of noblemen, supported by the zeal of John Knox. The regent held the port of Leith, vital for communication with France. By the treaty of Berwick of February 1560, Elizabeth I undertook to support the rebellious lords. In June 1560 Mary of Guise died and later in the year Mary, queen of Scots, was widowed. Though one must be careful before hailing the treaty as the turning-point towards a protestant Scotland and union with England, there is little doubt that it turned the scales in the struggle between the old and new religions.
J. A. Cannon |
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JOHN CANNON. "Berwick, treaty of." The Oxford Companion to British History. 2002. Encyclopedia.com. 27 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. JOHN CANNON. "Berwick, treaty of." The Oxford Companion to British History. 2002. Encyclopedia.com. (May 27, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O110-Berwicktreatyof1.html JOHN CANNON. "Berwick, treaty of." The Oxford Companion to British History. 2002. Retrieved May 27, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O110-Berwicktreatyof1.html |
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Berwick, Treaty of
Berwick, Treaty of Three treaties were named after Berwick-upon-Tweed, a town in Northumberland, sited on the border between England and Scotland. The first (3 October 1357) arranged for the release from captivity of David II of Scotland in return for a large ransom to be paid to Edward III of England, but this debt was never fully discharged. The second (27 February 1560) committed the English to send the Scottish Protestants military aid to help overthrow the Roman Catholic regent Mary of Guise. The third (18 June 1639) ended the first BISHOPS' WAR between Charles I and Scottish Covenanters, although it did not fully resolve the conflict and was regarded as unsatisfactory by both parties.
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"Berwick, Treaty of." A Dictionary of World History. 2000. Encyclopedia.com. 27 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "Berwick, Treaty of." A Dictionary of World History. 2000. Encyclopedia.com. (May 27, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O48-BerwickTreatyof.html "Berwick, Treaty of." A Dictionary of World History. 2000. Retrieved May 27, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O48-BerwickTreatyof.html |
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Berwick, treaty of
Berwick, treaty of, 1560. The years 1558–60 were critical in Anglo‐Scottish relations. The death of Mary Tudor in 1558 placed a protestant on the English throne. Mary, queen of Scots, became queen of France in 1559, with her mother Mary of Guise as regent for her in Scotland. Her catholicizing policy was opposed by the lords of the Congregation, a group of noblemen, supported by the zeal of John Knox. By the treaty of Berwick of February 1560, Elizabeth I undertook to support the rebellious lords.
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Cite this article
JOHN CANNON. "Berwick, treaty of." A Dictionary of British History. 2004. Encyclopedia.com. 27 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. JOHN CANNON. "Berwick, treaty of." A Dictionary of British History. 2004. Encyclopedia.com. (May 27, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O43-Berwicktreatyof1.html JOHN CANNON. "Berwick, treaty of." A Dictionary of British History. 2004. Retrieved May 27, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O43-Berwicktreatyof1.html |
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Berwick, treaty of
Berwick, treaty of, 1357. David II, king of Scotland, was captured at Neville's Cross in 1346. Eleven years later, by the treaty of Berwick, he was ransomed for 100,000 marks, with hostages given for security.
J. A. Cannon |
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|
Cite this article
JOHN CANNON. "Berwick, treaty of." The Oxford Companion to British History. 2002. Encyclopedia.com. 27 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. JOHN CANNON. "Berwick, treaty of." The Oxford Companion to British History. 2002. Encyclopedia.com. (May 27, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O110-Berwicktreatyof.html JOHN CANNON. "Berwick, treaty of." The Oxford Companion to British History. 2002. Retrieved May 27, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O110-Berwicktreatyof.html |
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Berwick, treaty of
Berwick, treaty of, 1357. David II, king of Scotland, was captured at Neville's Cross in 1346. Eleven years later, by the treaty of Berwick, he was ransomed for 100,000 marks.
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Cite this article
JOHN CANNON. "Berwick, treaty of." A Dictionary of British History. 2004. Encyclopedia.com. 27 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. JOHN CANNON. "Berwick, treaty of." A Dictionary of British History. 2004. Encyclopedia.com. (May 27, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O43-Berwicktreatyof.html JOHN CANNON. "Berwick, treaty of." A Dictionary of British History. 2004. Retrieved May 27, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O43-Berwicktreatyof.html |
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