neutrino astronomy

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neutrino astronomy study of stars by means of their emission of neutrinos , fundamental particles that result from nuclear reactions and are emitted by stars along with light. Approximately 100 billion neutrinos have raced through your body since you began reading this article. The light received from a star is emitted by the surface layers, which in turn absorb the light coming from the interior. Neutrinos, on the other hand, are absorbed only very weakly by matter and, once created by nuclear reactions in the stellar core, pass directly through the outer parts of the star. Thus neutrinos permit astronomers to look directly into the energy-producing core of a star. Their weak tendency to interact with matter also makes them very difficult to detect.

Neutrino "observatories" are located in deep mines or other subsurface locations where hundreds of feet of material shield out the cosmic rays that would completely swamp the tiny effects due to neutrinos. The largest such observatory is in the ice at the South Pole, .87 mi (1.4 km) below the surface; the detector array of the IceCube South Pole Neutrino Dectector forms a cube with edges that are .6 mi (1 km) in length. Neutrinos pass as easily through the overlying material as they pass through the star, but react with the material in the detector. In one form of detector, they react with chlorine to produce a radioactive isotope of argon, which is detectable. Other detectors, such as the IceCube, use a large volume of clear water or ice; when a neutrino interacts with the water or ice to produce a lepton that is moving faster than the speed of light in the water or ice detectable Cherenkov radiation is emitted.

Because of its proximity, the sun was expected to be by far the most intense source of neutrinos and was the initial object of study. However, several neutrino detectors observed a rush of neutrinos from Supernova 1987A in a nearby galaxy called the Large Magellanic Cloud. Although their journey from the exploding star began at the moment its core collapsed, they did not move quickly at first since the gravity of the core was so strong. When the shock wave from the explosion reached the neutrinos, it freed them to travel between galaxies, and they arrived on earth about three hours before the first visible light of the explosion appeared.

neutrino astronomy The observation of neutrinos emitted by celestial objects. Neutrinos pass through large quantities of matter without significant absorption. For example, neutrinos produced by the nuclear processes in the Sun's core have only one chance in 10¹⁰ of being absorbed in escaping from the Sun and so reach the Earth in huge numbers (see solar neutrino unit). Bursts of neutrinos are predicted to be produced in supernova explosions, and such a burst was detected from Supernova 1987A. Neutrinos can be detected in several ways. One uses the neutrino's interaction with the chlorine isotope ³⁷Cl, which produces radioactive argon, ³⁷Ar. Detectors have also been built which utilize the conversion of gallium to germanium by a neutrino (⁷¹Ga to ⁷¹Ge). Neutrino telescopes detect the direction from which the neutrino comes, as well as its existence. These rely on the neutrino colliding with an electron inside a large tank of water. The electron is then detected via its Cerenkov radiation.