Environmental Studies

A Dictionary of Ecology A Dictionary of Plant Sciences Further reading

littoral fringe

A Dictionary of Ecology | 2004 | | Copyright

littoral fringe The uppermost reaches of the littoral zone of marine ecosystems. On rocky shores it is the main area for Littorina species (periwinkles), and the black lichen, Verrucaria, and is distinguished from the lower, eulittoral zone by the absence of barnacles (e.g. Balanus species and Chthamalus species). On sandy shores crabs, beach amphipods, and some land insects are characteristic.

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MICHAEL ALLABY. "littoral fringe." A Dictionary of Ecology. 2004. Encyclopedia.com. 31 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>.

MICHAEL ALLABY. "littoral fringe." A Dictionary of Ecology. 2004. Encyclopedia.com. (May 31, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O14-littoralfringe.html

MICHAEL ALLABY. "littoral fringe." A Dictionary of Ecology. 2004. Retrieved May 31, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O14-littoralfringe.html

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littoral fringe

A Dictionary of Plant Sciences | 1998 | | Copyright

littoral fringe The uppermost reaches of the littoral zone of marine ecosystems. On rocky shores it is the main area for Littorina species (periwinkles), and the black lichen, Verrucaria, and is distinguished from the lower, eulittoral zone by the absence of barnacles (e.g. Balanus species and Chthamalus species). On sandy shores crabs, beach amphipods, and some land insects are characteristic.

Cite this article
Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography.

MLA
Chicago
APA

MICHAEL ALLABY. "littoral fringe." A Dictionary of Plant Sciences. 1998. Encyclopedia.com. 31 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>.

MICHAEL ALLABY. "littoral fringe." A Dictionary of Plant Sciences. 1998. Encyclopedia.com. (May 31, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O7-littoralfringe.html

MICHAEL ALLABY. "littoral fringe." A Dictionary of Plant Sciences. 1998. Retrieved May 31, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O7-littoralfringe.html

Learn more about citation styles

Free newspaper and magazine articles

	Locomotory behavior and habitat selection in littoral gastropods on Caribbean... Magazine article from: Journal of Shellfish Research; 1/1/2005
	From bow to stern, Navy's littoral ship is revolutionary.(Front) Newspaper article from: The Virginian-Pilot (Norfolk, VA); 4/17/2010
	Tiffany Shellam, Shaking Hands on the Fringe: negotiating the Aboriginal... Magazine article from: Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society; 6/1/2010