holy orders

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Orders and Ordination. The ministry of the Church traces its origins to the Lord's commissioning of the Twelve (Mt. 10: 1–5 etc.) and the Seventy (Lk. 10: 1) to the work of the kingdom. It received a new power and wider responsibility after Pentecost (Acts 2: 1–13). In the newly founded Churches patterns of local ministry varied, but the charismatic ministry of prophets and teachers recognized by St Paul (1 Cor. 12: 28) soon gave way to ‘elders’, i.e. presbyters. Acts represents Paul as himself appointing them (14: 23) and at 20: 28 takes bishops to be broadly equivalent. A monarchical episcopate is advocated and represented at Antioch by St Ignatius (d. c.103). However, the gradual transition from apostolic leadership and a variety of charismatic and non-charismatic ministries to the stronger Church order that provides a focus of unity is only partially visible to the historian. 1 Tim. 3–4 is the first evidence of a definite order of bishops and deacons. It also adumbrates or envisages ordination: the local presbyters lay hands on Timothy and the Spirit is understood to be conveyed by the rite. The account in Acts 6: 1–6 of the appointment of the Seven echoes this passage. All these hints of later practice preserve the sense of God's choosing ministers. By the mid-3rd cent. considerable evolution of the system is evident. At Rome under Cornelius (251–3) there were, besides the bishop, 46 presbyters, 7 deacons, 7 subdeacons, 42 acolytes and 52 exorcists, readers, and doorkeepers. By the later Middle Ages the prevalent view was that there were seven Orders, and in the W. a distinction was made between the three Major and four Minor Orders (qq.v.). According to Catholic theology the gift of Order is a Sacrament, and it is held to impart an indelible character. In the Middle Ages the Minor Orders were commonly regarded as included within the Sacrament of Orders, but RC theologians now reject this view.

It is traditionally held that only a baptized and confirmed male person can be validly ordained. However, in modern times many provinces in the Anglican Communion have admitted women to the deaconate and priesthood and some to the episcopate also. The candidate must be of good moral character and nowadays convinced that he has a Divine call (‘vocation’) to the office. He must be of due age (see AGE, CANONICAL) and generally needs a ‘title’ to the cure of souls. Traditional theology also holds that the Sacrament of Orders can validly be conferred only by a duly consecrated bishop.

Ordination has always taken place in the context of the Eucharist. The rite, which long remained simple in the E., had become elaborate in the W. by the end of the Middle Ages. In the RC Church much simplified rites of Ordination were introduced in 1968. The bishop now lays hands on each candidate for the diaconate in silence and then says the Ordination prayer over them all. After each candidate has been vested in dalmatic and stole, the bishop gives him the book of the Gospels with a charge to proclaim and live by it. In the case of candidates for the priesthood the bishop is joined by other clergy in the laying-on of hands, and a different formula is used in the Ordination prayer. The bishop then anoints the hands of each candidate with chrism and delivers to him the paten and chalice with bread and wine offered by the people. In the ordering of bishops, the co-consecrators join with the consecrating bishop in saying that part of the consecratory prayer held to be necessary for validity; while this prayer is being said, the book of the Gospels is held over the head of the candidate. The consecrating bishop then anoints his head, delivers the Gospels to him, puts a ring on his finger and a mitre on his head, and gives him a pastoral staff or crosier. For rites in the C of E, see ORDINAL.

In the W. the Ember seasons were the normal times for the ordination of priests and deacons. In recent years the feast of St Peter has replaced Trinity Sunday.

See also ANGLICAN ORDINATIONS.

holy orders [Lat. ordo, =rank], in Christianity, the traditional degrees of the clergy, conferred by the Sacrament of Holy Order. The episcopacy, priesthood or presbyterate, and diaconate were in general use in Christian churches in the 2d cent. In the Roman Catholic tradition a development, beginning in the 3d cent. and culminating in the Middle Ages, resulted in a division of major holy orders (episcopacy, priesthood, diaconate, and subdiaconate) and minor orders (acolyte, exorcist, lector, and doorkeeper), with a special rite of introduction into the clerical state called tonsure . From the late Middle Ages, the minor orders and the major orders of subdiaconate and diaconate were largely ceremonial, considered steps to priestly ordination, and were taken by those who intended to be ordained to the priesthood.

A considerable revision of that schema was undertaken under the direction of Pope Paul VI . In 1967 the diaconate was restored as an independent order with its own ministry (e.g., preaching, baptizing, distributing Holy Communion), and married men began to be received into this order. In 1972 tonsure, minor orders, and subdiaconate were abolished, and a rite of admission to candidacy to the diaconate and priesthood took their place. Thus the Roman Catholic Church, like the Church of England, has three orders—bishop, priest, deacon—and, like the Orthodox Eastern churches, it has permanent deacons who serve in local parishes and assist the priests. For various Protestant clerical systems, see ministry .

Traditionally in the West, the episcopacy has the plenitude of priestly power; bishops—archbishops, patriarchs, and the pope are bishops—alone have the power to ordain to major orders. In the Roman Catholic Church the ordination to the priesthood is considered a sacrament , conferring on the recipient the power to celebrate the eucharist and marking the priest with an indelible character. Like the sacraments of baptism and confirmation , ordination is never repeated. The rite entails the laying on of hands and the recitation of the prayer beginning "Receive the Holy Spirit." Priests are required to take an oath of obedience to the bishop or superior and a promise of celibacy (already taken at diaconate by those intending to be priests); they are also bound to recite the divine office, the traditional daily prayer of the priest. The diaconate was instituted in the primitive church for the distribution of alms and other material duties (Acts 6.1-6.)

The main administrative life of the Roman Catholic Church is conducted by bishops and their priests called secular clergy. Priests who are members of religious orders are called regular clergy (see monasticism ). Monsignor and cardinal are honorary titles and are not identified with any particular office; they are not considered orders.

See also apostolic succession .

Bibliography: See D. N. Power, Ministers of Christ (1969); P. Bradshaw, The Anglican Ordinal (1971); C. R. Meyer, Man of God (1974).

Orders. The various grades of Christian ministers. In the W. Church until 1972 these were bishop, priest, deacon, subdeacon, acolyte, exorcist, reader, and doorkeeper (though sometimes ‘bishop’ was not considered a distinct order from ‘priest’).

In 1972 the Roman Catholic orders of subdeacon, exorcist, and doorkeeper were suppressed; the other two minor orders which had formerly been nominal steps to the priesthood, were called ‘ministeria’ and allowed to be conferred on laymen. In most E. churches the major orders are bishop, priest, and deacon, and the minor orders subdeacon and reader. (Other titles like chorepiscopus and archpriest are not usually considered separate orders.)

orders, holy In the Roman Catholic, Orthodox, and Anglican Churches, the duties of the clergy, and the grades of hierarchical rank as outlined in the office of ordination. A person is ordained as a subdeacon, deacon, priest or bishop. These ranks are known as the major orders. The minor orders are those of porter, lector, exorcist, and acolyte.

Holy Orders. The higher grades of Christian ministry, i.e. those of bishop, priest, and deacon.

holy orders see orders, holy .