Ecstasy

"All that the soul knows when it is left to itself is nothing in comparison with the knowledge that is given it during ecstasy. When the soul is raised aloft, illumined by the presence of God, when God and it are lost in each other, it apprehends and possesses with joy good things which it cannot describe. The soul swims in joy and knowledge." (Angela da Foligno, mystic, quoted by Father A. Poulain in The Graces of Interior Prayer [1910])

Many students of spirituality describe the ecstatic experience as the mystic state par excellence. Mystics from all traditions agree in regarding ecstasy as a wonderful state—the one in which the human spirit is swept up and into an immediate union with the divine. As Evelyn Underhill points out in her Mysticism (1961), the word has become synonymous with joyous exaltation: "The induced ecstasies of the Dionysian mysteries, the metaphysical raptures of the Neoplatonists, the voluntary or involuntary trance of Indian mystics and Christian saints—all these, however widely they may differ in transcendental value, agree in claiming such value, in declaring that this change of consciousness brought with it a valid and ineffable apprehension of the Real."

Ecstasy differs from meditation—one of the stages that may precede it—both in character and development. In all the lengthy preliminary training of the mystical consciousness, a constant exertion of the will is required. But when at last the new and long-desired experiences come to the mystic "like a flash" into the psyche, he or she knows that there is nothing more to do than to accept that which has been given.

Fredric W. H. Myers (1843–1901) observed that the evidence for ecstasy is stronger than the evidence for any other religious belief. "Of all the subjective experiences of religion, ecstasy is that which has been most urgently, perhaps to the psychologist most convincingly asserted; and it is not confined to any one religion," Myers said. "From the medicine man…up to St. John, St. Peter, and St. Paul, with Buddha and Mahomet on the way, we find records which, though morally and intellectually much differing, are in psychological essence the same."

Evelyn Underhill states that ecstasy "represents the greatest possible extension of the spiritual consciousness in the direction of Pure Being: the blind intent stretching here receives its reward in a profound experience of Eternal Life. In this experience, the consciousness of 'I-hood,' of space and time…all that beings to the World of Becoming and our own place therein…are suspended. The vitality which we are accustomed to split amongst these various things, is gathered up to form a state of pure apprehension…a vivid intuition of the Transcendent."

Underhill goes on to explain that in the perfect unity of consciousness that comes in a state of ecstasy, the mystic is so concentrated on the Absolute that his or her faculties are suspended and he or she ceases to think of himself or herself as separate from the "All That Is." The mystic becomes so immersed in the Absolute that "as the bird cannot see the air which supports it, nor the fish the ocean in which it swims, [the mystic] knows all, but think naught, perceives all, but conceives naught."

In addition to the passive nature of the ecstasy, another characteristic of its content is its relative unity and the narrowness of its conscious field. To a large extent, the outside world is shut out, and the five senses are completely closed to external stimuli. Every other thought, feeling, or emotion is pushed out of the mind but the idea of God and the emotions of joy and love. These fill the mind to the exclusion of nearly everything else, and are themselves blended into a single whole. The mystic does not believe God to be present; he or she feels God united with his or her soul, so that this intense awareness and its strong emotional accompaniment leave no room in his or her consciousness for anything else.

A story is told that St. Ignatius (1491–1556) was seated at the side of a road, looking at the stream that crossed it, absorbed in contemplation, when the eyes of his soul were opened and inundated with light. He was able to distinguish nothing with his five senses, but he comprehended marvelously a great number of truths pertaining to the faith or to the human sciences. The new concepts and ideas were so numerous and the light so bright that St. Ignatius seemed to enter into a new world. The amount of this new knowledge was so great that, according to Ignatius, all that he had learned in his life up to his 62nd year, whether supernatural or through laborious study, could not be compared to what he had learned at this one ecstatic experience.

The knowledge that one receives while in a state of ecstasy is immediate and leaves the percipient with a complete sense of the noetic, an inner knowing and awareness that what was shown to him or her in the ecstatic vision is the way things truly are. The knowledge received in such a state often has very little to do with conceptual or representative knowledge about things. To the mystic, true reality does not lie in such knowledge. Only in an immediate experience, a visionary ecstatic experience, which stands for itself alone, can one find true reality—and most certainly of all, there alone can one find the ultimate reality with God.

St. Teresa of Avila (1515–1582), the esteemed Spanish Carmelite nun, mystic, and writer, referred in her last great work, the Interior Castle (1577), to four degrees of the mystic union with God:

1. the incomplete mystic union that comes with a quieting of the mind;
2. the semi-ecstatic union;
3. the ecstatic union;
4. the transforming union of complete oneness with God.

Perhaps the most dramatic characteristic of the ecstatic experience is the occasional phenomenon of visions, often of Christ, Mary, various saints, or angels. Since so many of these visionary encounters are compatible with the ecstatic's religious beliefs, certain researchers maintain that the visions of the mystics are determined in content by their spiritual orientation and are set in motion by the imagination working in dreamlike fashion upon the mass of theological material which fills the mind. Some researchers also find it likely that the vision, much like a normal dream, originates from some sensational stimulus which the imagination proceeds to interpret and elaborate.

Mystic ecstasy, to the percipient of the experience, reveals a genuine truth. He or she is brought face-to-face with ultimate reality that is experienced with emotions and intuition. A transcendence of the self is achieved. The mystic returns from the experience with the certainty of having been somewhere else where a revelation of some remarkable truth was given, a truth such as reality is unitary and divine; even ordinary human experiences are phenomenal; the soul, which is the key to reality, may rise to oneness with God; that God's presence may be found everywhere hidden in the midst of daily life.

In her Ecstasy: A Study of Some Secular and Religious Experiences (1961), Marghanita Laski lists five principal manifestations of the ecstatic mystical experience:

1. The feelings of loss: i.e., loss of time, of place, of worldliness, of self, of sin, and so on.
2. The feelings of gain: i.e., gain of a new life, of joy, of salvation, of glory, of new knowledge, and so on.
3. Ineffability: experiences which the person finds impossible to put into words at all.
4. Quasi-physical feelings: i.e., reference to sensations suggesting physical feelings, which may accompany ecstatic experiences, such as floating sensations, a feeling of swelling up, an impression of a shining light, and so on.
5. Feelings of intensity or withdrawal: i.e., a feeling of a 'winding up,' an accumulation of force to the point at which it is let go, whereas withdrawal is the opposite—an ecstatic condition reached 'not by accumulation but by subtraction,' a feeling of withdrawal of force and energy.

Laski states that ecstatic experiences can never be satisfactorily explained if it is suggested that ecstasies are "…only this or only that—only a phenomenon of repressed sexuality or only a concomitant of some or other morbid condition." In her examination of the recipients' convictions of the value of the ecstatic experience, she came to believe that such manifestations must be "treated as important outside religious contexts, as having important effects on people's mental and physical well-being, on their aesthetic preferences, their creativity, their beliefs and philosophies, and on their conduct.…" To ignore or to deny the importance of ecstatic experiences, Laski contends, is "to leave to the irrational the interpretation of what many people believe to be of supreme value."

Delving Deeper

Bach, Marcus. The Inner Ecstasy. New York, Cleveland: World Publishing, 1969.

James, William. Varieties of Religious Experience. Garden City, N.Y.: Masterworks Program, 1971.

Otto, Rudolf. The Idea of the Holy. New York: Galaxy Books, 1958.

Suzuki, D. T. Mysticism, Christian and Buddhist. New York: Perennial, 1971.

Tart, Charles T. Altered States of Consciousness. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1969.

Underhill, Evelyn. Mysticism. New York: Dutton, 1961.

Ecstasy

Described by parapsychologist F. W. H. Myers as "a change in the centre of perception from the material into the spiritual world," ecstasy is a state of rapture in which insights and visions of the invisible world unfold. It is characterized by an exaltation of sensory faculties. It is common to all religions and is one of the most-attested psychic experiences in both civilized and primitive countries.

The Waldenses, Italian Protestants of the twelfth century, sustained persecution from Roman Catholic forces with the superhuman strength and energy that came to them in ecstastic states. They routed French and Savoyard troops that were fifty times more numerous. During the war in the Cevennes, three thousand religious enthusiasts stood their ground against sixty thousand men of the king commanded by the best generals of France. In like measure, the Convulsionaires of St. Médard in the eighteenth century endured frightful blows—which could have felled an ox—on their chests and stomachs while in the ecstatic state.

Ecstatic states were frequently reported of Christian saints and were integral to the experience of such mystics as St. Teresa of Avila. In evaluating claims of visions of the Virgin Mary, officials of the Roman Catholic Church ask, among other things, whether or not the person was in a state of ecstasy during the vision.

In Hindu mysticism, ananda is the name given to the blissful condition of higher consciousness, and gurus often adopt a name extolling the virtue of such activities as meditation in producing that state.

It is clear that there are degrees of ecstasy, ranging from euphoric to transcendental states. Hindu mystical teachings have charted the different stages of samadhi, mystical trance, with their qualitative degrees of ecstasy. Samadhi is the aim of traditional yoga systems, in which body, mind, and spirit are controlled and purified.

In some forms of tantric yoga, the vital energy known as kundalini, commonly the dynamic of sexual experience, is transformed into spiritual force as it follows its pathway through subtle channels along the spine and through the vital centers in the body (chakras ) to the crown of the head, culminating in mystical experience accompanied by blissful sensations. However, this particular yoga is said to be more likely to result in sexual fixation and obsession.

Similar to tantric yoga is the sex magic of Western occultists developed in the late nineteenth century out of the alchemical tradition. Aleister Crowley, best known for his experimentation and development in this field, viewed sex as the primary tool available to the magician in raising magic energy.

In both the Eastern and Western mystical tradition, many have argued that celibacy is the more rewarding lifestyle for those on the mystical path. In such celibate systems, the mundane ecstatic pleasure of sex has supposedly been sublimated into spiritual force, and the ecstastic experience has been transcended in mystical union.

In the 1960s, as transpersonal psychology developed, consciousness studies became a primary area of research. Ecstasy was pigeonholed under such categories as the "highest state of consciousness" or "expanded state of consciousness." Note was made of the many ways of inducing such states of their desirability. Attempts have also been made to correlate such states with various measurable body states, but progress has been difficult because most such states occur spontaneously and in the context of sacred activity.

Sources:

Avalon, Arthur [Sir John Woodroffe]. The Serpent Power. Madras, India, 1922.

Bucke, R. M. Cosmic Consciousness: A Study of the Evolution of the Human Mind. N.p., 1910.

Danielou, Alain. Yoga: The Method of Re-Integration. London: Christopher Johnson, 1949. Reprint, New Hyde Park, N.Y.: University Books, 1955.

Gopi Krishna. Kundalini: The Evolutionary Energy in Man. Boulder, Colo: Shambhala, 1970.

James, William. The Varieties of Religious Experience. London, 1902.

Row, M. C. Nanjunda. Cosmic Consciousness, or the Vedantic Idea of Realisation of Muktu in the Light of Modern Psychology. Madras, India, 1910.

Underhill, Evelyn. Mysticism: A Study in the Nature and Development of Man's Spiritual Consciousness. London: Methuen, 1911.

White, John, ed. The Highest State of Consciousness. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday Anchor, 1972.

Ecstasy (Gk., ek-stasis, ‘standing out of’). The experience, common in all religions, of being carried beyond ordinary, everyday experience into moments of extreme and intense transcendence. The word is used of such a wide range of such experiences that no common core can be identified. Thus it is used of the out-of-the-body experiences of shamans, the third (and next to highest stage) of the analysis of mystical union of Teresa of Avila, trance states, fanā’ among Sūfīs, the rapture of spirit possession. The neurophysiology of these (usually) brief states is not yet understood (but see BIOGENETIC STRUCTURALISM), though it is well-known that the inhibition or exclusion of external stimuli (even by the insistent repetition of one stimulus, e.g. by drumming) can lead to dramatic brain consequences, some of which approximate to some of the conditions defined as ecstatic.

The converse is enstasy.

ecstasy. The Greek word ἤκσταασις is used to refer to any state of powerful emotion, such that one is ‘beside oneself’. Though often used pejoratively, it could be used of someone being raised above himself to consort with the Divine (Plato) or of prophetic inspiration (Philo, Justin, and others). Plotinus used it in a positive sense to refer to a union with God in which the individual, having passed beyond his mental powers, is no longer quite ‘himself’. In the later Middle Ages, ecstasy came to be associated with ‘rapture’, and both tended to become technical terms referring to a state of more or less complete abstraction from the senses. Under the influence of St Teresa of Ávila and St John of the Cross, they were effectively identified and given a specific place in the scheme of spiritual progress.

ecstasy (MDMA) (3,4–methylnedioxymethylamphetamine) Amphetamine-based drug, which raises body temperature and blood pressure by inducing the release of adrenaline and targeting the neurotransmitter serotonin. Users experience short-term feelings of euphoria, rushes of energy, and increased tactility. Withdrawal can involve bouts of depression and insomnia. Since the 1980s the consumption of ecstasy in tablet form has been widespread in club culture in Europe and North America. Today, it is estimated that there are up to 500,000 weekly users in the UK. Some deaths have resulted from use of the drug.

ecstasy Ecstasy is not the same experience as a vision or a dream; it is an awareness of being taken up outside oneself, and there are only a few such mystical moments recorded in the Bible. One is by Paul in 2 Cor. 12: 2, when he mentions ‘a person in Christ’ (presumably himself) being caught up to the third heaven; but he will not boast of such a grace; indeed he was given a ‘thorn in the flesh’ (2 Cor. 12: 7) to forestall any such pride.

Later Christian writers regarded ecstasy as a kind of anticipation on earth of heavenly bliss.

ecstasy XIV (rare before XVI; earlier forms ex(s)tasie, -acy, the sp. ecst-, accommodated to Gr., appearing XVII). — OF. extasie — (with assim. to sbs. in -sie, L. -sia) late L. extasis — Gr. ékstasis, f. eksta-, stem of existánai put out of place (in phr. existánai phrenôn drive out of one's wits), f. ek out, EX-2 + histánai place (see STAND).
So ecstatic XVII. — F. extatique — Gr. ekstatikós.

ecstasy either of two drugs used for their euphoric effects. The original ecstasy, a so-called designer drug, also known as MDMA, is an analog of methamphetamine (see amphetamine ). The other drug is a substance also known as ma huang or ephedra; it was marketed as "herbal ecstasy" to promote the idea that it is a natural and safe form of ecstasy. The active ingredient of herbal ecstasy is ephedrine .

ec·sta·sy / ˈekstəsē/ • n. (pl. -sies) 1. an overwhelming feeling of great happiness or joyful excitement: there was a look of ecstasy on his face. 2. (Ecstasy) an illegal amphetamine-based synthetic drug with euphoric and hallucinatory effects, originally promoted as an adjunct to psychotherapy. (abbr.: MDMA) .

ecstasy (ek-stă-si) n. a sense of extreme wellbeing and bliss. While not necessarily pathological, it can be caused by epilepsy (especially of the temporal lobe) or by schizophrenia or mania.

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