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borough
borough, an area of settlement endowed with certain privileges and the right of local self‐government, usually confirmed by royal charter. The origins of the practice are Norman French. More than 170 boroughs were established in medieval Ireland. By 1615, 81 returned members to the Irish parliament; the incorporation in 1683 of Dunleer, Co. Louth, the last parliamentary borough to be created, brought the number to 117. These were far from homogeneous: some had become bustling cities, while others were almost totally depopulated. Voting qualifications varied (see franchise) but most were effectively controlled by one or two ‘patrons’. The de facto exclusion of Catholics from borough corporations began with the Restoration, and was confirmed by law in 1691. Between 1704 and 1780 Protestant dissenters were excluded by the sacramental test. Even after the Catholic Relief Act of 1793 borough government remained in practice a Protestant monopoly, only gradually eroded by a combination of electoral reform and increasing Catholic prosperity and political awareness. Meanwhile the powers of the boroughs themselves were declining, while under the Act of Union only 33 retained the right to send members to parliament. After partition there was further delegation of borough powers to county councils in the Irish Free State. In Northern Ireland local government reorganization in 1972 redefined most boroughs, and deprived all of the majority of their powers.
Neal Garnham |
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"borough." The Oxford Companion to Irish History. 2007. Encyclopedia.com. 26 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "borough." The Oxford Companion to Irish History. 2007. Encyclopedia.com. (May 26, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O245-borough.html "borough." The Oxford Companion to Irish History. 2007. Retrieved May 26, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O245-borough.html |
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Borough
BOROUGHBOROUGH, the English trading community that featured corporate organization and limited self-government, provided the model for many colonial towns. A colonial borough typically received its charter from the governor, who appointed a mayor and a recorder to sit on a common council with aldermen whom the freemen elected. These officials passed by laws to regulate commerce and labor, to indenture orphans, to supervise relief for the poor, to fix bread prices, and to admit freemen, who in early days enjoyed a monopoly on retail trade. Sitting as a mayor's court or sessions court, these officials handled civil and criminal law. After the American Revolution state legislatures granted borough charters that frequently widened suffrage and allowed popular mayoral elections and greater self-rule. BIBLIOGRAPHYHartog, Hendrik. Public Property and Private Power. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1989. New York (City) Mayor's Court. Select Cases of the Mayor's Court of New York City, 1678–1784. Washington, D.C.: American Historical Association, 1935. Richard B.Morris/s. b. See alsoLocal Government . |
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"Borough." Dictionary of American History. 2003. Encyclopedia.com. 26 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "Borough." Dictionary of American History. 2003. Encyclopedia.com. (May 26, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3401800520.html "Borough." Dictionary of American History. 2003. Retrieved May 26, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3401800520.html |
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borough
borough A town in England, enjoying particular privileges. The boroughs evolved from the Anglo-Saxon burhs and from the 12th century benefited from royal and noble grants of charters. Their representatives attended Parliament regularly from the 14th century, having first been summoned in 1265 when Simon de MONTFORT called two representatives from each city and borough. The Scottish equivalent of the English borough was the burgh.
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"borough." A Dictionary of World History. 2000. Encyclopedia.com. 26 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "borough." A Dictionary of World History. 2000. Encyclopedia.com. (May 26, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O48-borough.html "borough." A Dictionary of World History. 2000. Retrieved May 26, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O48-borough.html |
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borough
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T. F. HOAD. "borough." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology. 1996. Encyclopedia.com. 26 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. T. F. HOAD. "borough." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology. 1996. Encyclopedia.com. (May 26, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O27-borough.html T. F. HOAD. "borough." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology. 1996. Retrieved May 26, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O27-borough.html |
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borough
bor·ough / ˈbərō/ (abbr.: bor.) • n. a town or district that is an administrative unit. ∎ an incorporated municipality in certain U.S. states. |
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"borough." The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English. 2009. Encyclopedia.com. 26 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "borough." The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English. 2009. Encyclopedia.com. (May 26, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O999-borough.html "borough." The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English. 2009. Retrieved May 26, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O999-borough.html |
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borough
borough see city government ; county . |
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"borough." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2011. Encyclopedia.com. 26 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "borough." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2011. Encyclopedia.com. (May 26, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-X-borough.html "borough." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2011. Retrieved May 26, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-X-borough.html |
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borough
borough
•abhorrer, adorer, Andorra, angora, aura, aurora, bora, Bora-Bora, borer, Camorra, Cora, corer, Dora, Eleonora, Eudora, explorer, fedora, flora, fora, ignorer, Isadora, Kia-Ora, Laura, Leonora, Maura, menorah, Nora, pakora, Pandora, pourer, roarer, scorer, senhora, señora, signora, snorer, soarer, Sonora, sora, storer, Theodora, Torah, Tuscarora, Vlorë
•goalscorer • cobra • okra • Oprah
•Socotra • Moira • Sudra
•chaulmoogra • supra
•Brahmaputra, sutra
•Zarathustra • Louvre • fulcra
•Tripura
•borough, burgh, Burra, curragh, demurrer, thorough
•Rubbra
•penumbra, umbra
•tundra • chakra • ultra • kookaburra
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"borough." Oxford Dictionary of Rhymes. 2007. Encyclopedia.com. 26 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "borough." Oxford Dictionary of Rhymes. 2007. Encyclopedia.com. (May 26, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O233-borough.html "borough." Oxford Dictionary of Rhymes. 2007. Retrieved May 26, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O233-borough.html |
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