bombs

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bombs were used by bombers and fighter-bombers (see fighters and bombers, 2) of all combatant powers, the principal ones being high explosive (HE), incendiary, anti-personnel, armour-piercing, fragmentation, target indicator, and smoke. There was also the US fire bomb, an aircraft fuel tank filled with napalm (petrol thickened with naphthalic and palmitic acids), employed from mid-1943.

Fuzes could detonate bombs on impact or delay the explosion for several seconds—or several hours—but the percentage of duds on both sides was astonishingly high, perhaps as much as 20%. proximity fuzes, which could explode bombs in the air, had by 1944 proved the best method of maximizing their destructiveness. In certain types of attack parachutes were used to delay the impact, or to ensure an aerial detonation. Most of the aerial mines which the Luftwaffe dropped on British cities were delivered this way, as were the atomic bombs which destroyed Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

The principal German HE bombs were the SC (thin-cased general purpose bomb), SD (thick-cased semi-armoured-piercing fragmentation bomb), and the PC (armour-piercing bomb). Eight out of ten bombs dropped on the UK were SC bombs weighing between 50 kg. and 2,000 kg. (110–4,410 lb.), the 1,000 kg. (2,205 lb.) bomb being known as the ‘Hermann’ because its bulbous casing was reminiscent of Göring's girth. The larger 2,500 kg. (5,510 lb.) bomb, nicknamed ‘Max’, was also used during the Blitz. The smaller bombs were often fitted with a device, the Gerät Jericho (Jericho apparatus), which emitted a wind-induced shriek similar to that of a German Stuka dive-bomber to intimidate their human targets.

Other bombs developed by Germany included two radio command types (see guided weapons); a concrete-cased bomb containing scrap metal; a rocket-assisted bomb for attacking fortified targets, which the British also developed; and the lethal 2 kg. (4.4 lb.), 9 cm. (3.5 in.) anti-personnel Splitterbombe (splinter bomb). Called the butterfly bomb by the Allies, it was copied almost exactly by the Americans. It could not be defused and was delivered one hundred at a time in a container, which was dubbed a ‘Molotov bread (or egg) basket’ by the Finns who had been on the receiving end of a similar device during the Finnish–Soviet War.

Only the British, whose three main types of HE bomb were the General Purpose (GP), Medium Capacity (MC), and High Capacity (HC), produced bombs bigger than the 2,500 kg. ‘Max’. The higher the capacity the higher the charge-weight ratio, the charge of some HC bombs being as much as 80% of their weight. This gave them very thin casings which resulted in a high blast effect but minimum penetration. Over half a million 500 lb. (225 kg.) GP bombs were dropped by RAF Bomber Command during the strategic air offensive against Germany (see Table), but they were less efficient than their German counterparts having a lower charge-weight ratio. As a result of the shortcomings of GP bomb, 500 lb., 1,000 lb. (450 kg.), and 4,000 lb. (1,810 kg.) MC bombs were developed but were often in short supply. The biggest breached the dykes on Walcheren Island in October 1944 during the Scheldt Estuary battle. The 12,000 lb. (5,430 kg.) ‘Tallboy’ or ‘Earthquake’, and the 22,000 lb. (10,955 kg.) ‘Grand Slam’, were also MC bombs. HC bombs came in four sizes—2,000 lb. (905 kg.), 4,000 lb., 8,000 lb. (3,620 kg.), and 12,000 lb.—and were known generically as ‘blockbusters’. The British also developed HE bombs for special targets, the most famous being the bouncing 9,250 lb. (4,195 kg.) cylindrical, rotating bomb invented by Barnes Wallis for the Dam Busters raid.

By 1945 Allied HE bombs had increased in power five-fold. But by then, on an equal-weight basis, incendiaries such as the US 70 lb. (30 kg.) M47, which used napalm, were far more effective, though the liquid-filled British 30 lb. (13.6 kg.) ‘J’ bomb, first used by RAF Bomber Command in April 1944, was a failure as it often failed to work. Early British incendiaries filled with thermite—a mixture of iron oxide and powdered aluminium—produced great heat but this dissipated quickly and was confined to a small area. The Germans overcame this with their highly effective 1 kg. (2.2 lb.) bomb by making thermite its primary igniting substance and metallic magnesium the principal incendiary material. This made it burn with great heat for a long time and it could not be doused with water.

Japan produced an incendiary bomb of a radically different design. It contained more than 700 open-end iron cylinders filled with thermite and was fused to burst at about 60 m. (200 ft.) above the ground which scattered the cylinders over a radius of 150 m. (500 ft.).

Bombs: Numbers and types of bombs droppedby RAF Bomber Command, 1939-45, duringthe 389,809 sorties flown. The total came to955,044 tons.

Bombs. In aerial warfare, the term bomb is applied to a wide range of containers filled with explosive, incendiary, or fissile material, or with chemical/biological agents, and designed for use as air‐delivered offensive weapons. Fusing and detonating devices are included, and external fins are usually fitted for directional stability. In the late twentieth century, particular attention has been given to the aerodynamics of bombs, and to devising methods of delivering them accurately.

When World War I began in 1914, little thought had been given by the military of Britain, France, or the United States to an air offensive. Most airplane bombs weighed about 20 pounds and were hand‐held. German airships, however, were equipped with racks that carried bombs of 110 pounds, and both Russia and Italy had built large aircraft capable of carrying total loads of over 1,000 pounds of bombs. From 1915 on, the first strategic bombing offensive was conducted by Germany against Britain, using airships and later large aircraft carrying bombs of up to 2,200 pounds. The material damage suffered was random and relatively slight, but the morale of the civil population was badly affected. As a result, assumptions were made about the drastic effects of strategic bombing on civilian morale, which proved unjustified in World War II.

At the tactical level, both on the battlefield and immediately behind it, aircraft carrying bombs typically of 112 or 230 pounds were, by 1918, providing effective support to the Allied armies. The U.S. Air Service became heavily involved in the air offensive after 1917, but lacked American equipment and had to rely upon aircraft and weapons of British or French design.

Between the wars, minimal defense budgets precluded significant weapons development, but the impetus of World War II produced remarkable advances. By 1945, the U.S. services were using bombs ranging from 100 to 4,000 pounds. (An experimental bomb weighing 42,000 pounds existed.) Also in the inventory were fragmentation, incendiary, and chemical bombs, some equipped with retarding parachutes for low‐level delivery. Armor‐piercing bombs were available, particularly for use against warships, and work had been done on fuel/air explosive weapons, which produced catastrophic blast effects by scattering and then detonating large clouds of combustible material. Dramatic demonstrations of the destructive capacity of conventional bombs were given by the Allied air forces in such cities as Hamburg (45,000 dead, 40,000 wounded), Dresden (approximately 60,000 dead), and Tokyo (over 80,000 dead), where firestorms were started by the combined effects of high explosive and incendiaries, killing people by the tens of thousands and effectively destroying the area bombed. Contrary to the interwar predictions, such destruction did not, by itself, bring about the collapse of the attacked state.

High degrees of accuracy were seldom achieved, despite the use of advanced bombsights, radar, and radio bombing aids, and a host of target‐marking techniques. Even the U.S. Army Air Force, which was committed to a policy of “precision” bombing, needed to drop very large numbers of bombs to ensure the destruction of a target. This was not true of bombs delivered at low level from a dive. The destruction of the Japanese carrier force at the Battle of Midway, for example, was accomplished by a relatively small number of bombs dropped by U.S. Navy dive‐bombers.

In August 1945, World War II was brought to an end when USAAF B‐29 bombers dropped two atomic bombs on Japan. The first (“Little Boy,” Uranium 235) fell on Hiroshima, and the second (“Fat Man,” Plutonium 239) on Nagasaki. Each target city was destroyed by a release of nuclear energy that was the equivalent of 20 kilotons of TNT. With this vast increase in the destructive capacity of single bombs, strategic bombing finally reached a point that matched the dire predictions of the interwar strategists. Subsequently, new theories of deterrence evolved to take account of the awesome power of nuclear weapons and to portray war at the highest level as an unacceptable risk for any nation.

Since World War II, high‐yield nuclear bombs have diminished in size while rising in destructive capacity into the multimegaton range, and smaller yield “tactical” nuclear weapons have been introduced. The range of conventional bombs now includes containers filled with napalm (petroleum jelly) and others carrying numerous small bomblets that can be used against vehicles and personnel, or to deny an area like an airfield to enemy use. Technological advances, including lasers, television, and radar guidance, allow guided—or “smart”—bombs to be delivered at a distance from the target and with great accuracy, hugely magnifying the effectiveness of conventional bombs. During the Persian Gulf War between the United Nations' forces and Iraq in 1991, the U.S. forces and their allies used guided bombs to great effect in crippling Iraqi command and control systems, one bomb often achieving the same damage as hundreds would have done in World War II.
[See also Air Force Combat Organizations: Strategic Air Forces; Air Force Combat Organizations: Tactical Air Forces; Bomber Aircraft; Bombing of Civilians; Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Bombings of; Korean War, U.S. Operations in the; Kosovo Crisis (1999); Nuclear Weapons; Persian Gulf War; Strategy: Air Warfare Strategy; Vietnam War, U.S. Air Operations in the; World War II, U.S. Air Operations in.]

Bibliography

D. Lennox, ed., Jane's Air‐Launched Weapons, annual.
John W. R. Taylor , A History of Aerial Warfare, 1974.
Edward Jablonski , Air War, 1979.
Bill Gunston , The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft Armament, 1988.
Martin Middlebrook , The Bomber Command War Diaries, 1990.
Ron Dick , American Eagles, 1997.

Ron Dick