CIS and Baltic Political Geography

Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Further reading

Türkmenbashi

Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names | 2005 | | Copyright

Türkmenbashi, Turkmenistan Krasnovodsk Founded as a Russian fort in 1869 and called Krasnovodsk ‘Red Water’ from the Russian krasnyy and voda ‘water’ after the bay here which was called ‘Red Waters’. In 1997 the city was renamed Türkmenbashi ‘Head of the Turkmen’ from the Turkish bas ‘head’ in honour of Saparmurad Niyazov (1940–2006), President of Turkmenistan (1991–2006). As founder and president of the Humanitarian Association of Turkmens of the World, he was granted the title of Türkmenbashi in 1993. The bay has also been renamed Türkmenbashi Bay. See Saparmurad Türkmenbashi and Nyyazow.

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JOHN EVERETT-HEATH. "Türkmenbashi." Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names. 2005. Encyclopedia.com. 14 Feb. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>.

JOHN EVERETT-HEATH. "Türkmenbashi." Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names. 2005. Encyclopedia.com. (February 14, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O209-Trkmenbashi.html

JOHN EVERETT-HEATH. "Türkmenbashi." Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names. 2005. Retrieved February 14, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O209-Trkmenbashi.html

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Turkmenbashi

The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed. | 2008 | Copyright

Turkmenbashi or Türkmenbaşy , formerly Krasnovodsk , city (1991 pop. 59,500), W Turkmenistan, on the Krasnovodsk Gulf of the Caspian Sea. It is the western terminus of oil and natural gas pipelines and of the Trans-Caspian RR, which links the Caspian region with central Asia. It is also a transshipment point for agricultural produce. The city was founded in 1869.

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"Turkmenbashi." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2008. Encyclopedia.com. 14 Feb. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>.

"Turkmenbashi." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2008. Encyclopedia.com. (February 14, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Turkmenb.html

"Turkmenbashi." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2008. Retrieved February 14, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Turkmenb.html

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Free newspaper and magazine articles

	Turkmenbashi and his Turkmenistan. Magazine article from: Contemporary Review; 10/1/2003
	He banned gold teeth,balletand beards. His face is on banknotes andhisnameon... Newspaper article from: Daily Mail (London); 12/22/2006
	Flight cancelled in Turkmenbashi. News Wire article from: Times of Central Asia; 9/21/2011