|
Search over 100 encyclopedias and dictionaries: |
Research categories | Follow us on Twitter |
Research categories
View all topics in the newsView all reference sources at Encyclopedia.com |
|||
tithes
tithes, a tax levied for the support of the church. Great tithes were those levied on major crops, such as wheat and oats. Small tithes were levied on minor produce, such as cheese and eggs. Personal tithes were levied on labour and the profits of trade. Monasteries in pre‐Norman Ireland had collected a levy, referred to as tithes, from their clients. However, a uniform tithe system was first introduced as part of the 12th‐century reform. It appears to have been more comprehensive in English areas than in Gaelic Ireland, where there are reports of resistance to the payment of tithes on anything other than major crops. In 1541, as part of the legislation comprising the Irish Reformation, the tithe system was given the backing of statute law. By the 17th century tithes, originally conceived of as comprising 10 per cent of all produce, were generally converted into a money payment.
Although the theoretical purpose was to support the parochial clergy, the great tithes of many benefices were in practice ‘appropriate’, payable to a bishop, cathedral chapter, or other ecclesiastical recipient, or ‘impropriate’, payable to a lay owner. In 1832 £48,000 out of gross parochial revenues of £611,000 were appropriate, and £109,000 impropriate. The requirement that Catholics (and later Protestant dissenters) should make compulsory contributions for the support of the minority Church of Ireland inevitably caused resentment. The patriot parliament of 1689 attempted to resolve the issue by legislation requiring members of each denomination to support their own clergy. The earliest open attack on the tithe system, however, came from the Anglican landlord class, who had their own reason to dislike tithes as competing with rents for a share of the tenant farmer's income. In 1736 the House of Commons resolved that every legal means should be used to resist the tithe of agistment, strictly speaking pasture for dry and barren cattle, although in practice taken to cover milch cows also. This resolution, although not legally binding, effectively exempted pasture from tithe, placing the whole burden on tillage farming. In Munster and parts of Leinster, tithe was also levied on potatoes, further increasing the burden on the rural poor. Demands for a reform of the tithe system played a part in the protests of the Whiteboys of the 1760s, and of the Oakboys and Hearts of Steel movements in Ulster. The Rightboy movement of the 1780s for the first time made tithe its main grievance. The growing prominence of the issue was due partly to the shift from pasture to tillage in the last decades of the 18th century. In addition, as rising agricultural profits made the sums at stake more significant, tithe holders had increasingly resorted to tithe farmers, who took over for a fixed price the right to collect whatever tithes they could extract. Grievances over tithes contributed to continued unrest during the 1790s and into the early decades of the 19th century. The Tithe Composition Act converted tithe into a more predictable charge on land. Despite this, the following decade saw the most sustained and violent attack yet mounted on the system, the Tithe War. The Tithe Rentcharge Act of 1838 converted tithe into a charge payable by landlords rather than occupiers. This largely ended direct agitation on the topic, although the anomaly of a minority church supported by a tax on the entire agricultural system remained central to the ultimately successful campaign for the disestablishment of the Church of Ireland. |
|
|
Cite this article
"tithes." The Oxford Companion to Irish History. 2007. Encyclopedia.com. 11 Feb. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "tithes." The Oxford Companion to Irish History. 2007. Encyclopedia.com. (February 11, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O245-tithes.html "tithes." The Oxford Companion to Irish History. 2007. Retrieved February 11, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O245-tithes.html |
|
tithe
tithe. The payment, originally in kind, of a tenth of the produce of land was at first a voluntary religious duty for the benefit of the poor, pilgrims, and churches, but by the 10th cent. it was compulsory, replacing the old church-scot for the maintenance of the church and clergy, and enforceable with heavy penalties, perhaps the loss of nine-tenths of annual income and later even excommunication. When lords built private churches on their land, tithe, at first still payable to the original church, soon went to the lord's family with only a portion to the priest. Similarly in parishes appropriated to a monastery, tithe was paid to the monastery and after the dissolution to their lay successors. With the spread of protestant nonconformity in the 17th cent., the payment of tithe became extremely contentious, leading to innumerable lawsuits. Resentment of tithe was still a factor in the Swing riots of 1830 and the Rebecca riots in south Wales in 1842–3. By the Tithe Commutation Act (1836) all tithe was commuted to rent-charges. Acts of 1918 and 1925 led to full, compulsory redemption of rent charges, which through the 1936 Tithe Act were replaced by redemption annuities, the crown issuing redemption stock to tithe owners with final extinction after 60 years (1996). Capital loss to the church by this Act was c. £17.7 million. In Scotland, tithes were known as teinds.
Revd Dr William M. Marshall |
|
|
Cite this article
JOHN CANNON. "tithe." The Oxford Companion to British History. 2002. Encyclopedia.com. 11 Feb. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. JOHN CANNON. "tithe." The Oxford Companion to British History. 2002. Encyclopedia.com. (February 11, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O110-tithe.html JOHN CANNON. "tithe." The Oxford Companion to British History. 2002. Retrieved February 11, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O110-tithe.html |
|
tithes
tithes. The tenth part of all fruits and profits due to God and thus to the Church for the maintenance of its ministry. The payment of tithes is ordered in the OT (Lev. 27: 30–2); it is, however, only implied in the NT (Mt. 5: 17–19), which places more emphasis on voluntary giving (e.g. 2 Cor. 9: 6–7). The early Church depended on offerings. In the 4th cent. payment of a tenth part of all produce of the land began to be taught as a Christian duty and in the following cents, this gradually became established. In England it was legally enforced by King Athelstan's Ordinance c.930. Tithes were at one time subject to canonical division between the bishop, the clergy, the fabric of the church, and the relief of the poor, but eventually their disposal was left to the clergy who received them. At first the owner of the land could pay the tithe to what clergy he liked, but as the parochial system developed the titnes of each parish were allotted to its own ‘parson’.
In England, as a result of various Acts from 1836 onwards, payment of tithe ceased in 1988. In Scotland tithes (called teinds) were collected until 1925; in Ireland they were abolished in 1871. They have never been part of the law in the USA. For the distinction between C of E rectors and vicars, which derived from their entitlement to tithes, see RECTOR and VICAR. See also STEWARDSHIP. |
|
|
Cite this article
E. A. LIVINGSTONE. "tithes." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. 2000. Encyclopedia.com. 11 Feb. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. E. A. LIVINGSTONE. "tithes." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. 2000. Encyclopedia.com. (February 11, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O95-tithes.html E. A. LIVINGSTONE. "tithes." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. 2000. Retrieved February 11, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O95-tithes.html |
|
Tithes
Tithes
Judaism(Heb., maʿaser). Money or goods levied for the maintaining of sacral institutions. Several types of tithe are mentioned in the Hebrew scriptures. According to Numbers 18. 24, the ‘first tithe’ was given to the Levites after the ‘heave-offering’ (terumah) had been separated from it for the priest. The ‘second tithe’ (Leviticus 27. 30–1; Deuteronomy 14. 22–6) was a tenth part of the ‘first tithe’. The laws of tithes are compiled in the tractate Maʿaserot in the Mishnah.ChristianityIn Europe a system of tithes came into legal force in the early Middle Ages (e.g. in England in 900), as a tax for the support of the Church and relief of the poor. The levy consisted of a tenth part, originally of the produce of lands (‘praedial’ tithes) and later of the profits of labour also (‘personal’ tithes). The system did not survive the secularization of continental European states after the Reformation.For regulated giving in other religions, see ZAKĀT; DASWANDH. |
|
|
Cite this article
JOHN BOWKER. "Tithes." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. 1997. Encyclopedia.com. 11 Feb. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. JOHN BOWKER. "Tithes." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. 1997. Encyclopedia.com. (February 11, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O101-Tithes.html JOHN BOWKER. "Tithes." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. 1997. Retrieved February 11, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O101-Tithes.html |
|
tithes
tithes A tenth of annual income, set aside for religious purposes and validated by Jacob's vow at Bethel (Gen. 28: 22).In the second Temple the tithe was collected in the Temple to maintain the priesthood (Neh. 10: 37–8), but it was not always paid willingly or in full (Mal. 3: 8, 10). Before the Exile, however, kings had collected the tithe in kind (fruits and flocks) and stored some of it in the Temple (2 Chron. 31: 5–6). It would seem that the tithe was then a royal tax but that the kings used it to maintain the Temple. Jesus does not condemn the tithing practice of his own day, which Judaism continued, but he was censorious, as was Amos (4: 4) before him of those who put the duty of tithing over and above compassion and faith (Matt. 23: 23).
|
|
|
Cite this article
W. R. F. BROWNING. "tithes." A Dictionary of the Bible. 1997. Encyclopedia.com. 11 Feb. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. W. R. F. BROWNING. "tithes." A Dictionary of the Bible. 1997. Encyclopedia.com. (February 11, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O94-tithes.html W. R. F. BROWNING. "tithes." A Dictionary of the Bible. 1997. Retrieved February 11, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O94-tithes.html |
|
tithe
tithe / tī[voicedth]/ • n. one tenth of annual produce or earnings, formerly taken as a tax for the support of the church and clergy. ∎ (in certain religious denominations) a tenth of an individual's income pledged to the church. ∎ [in sing.] archaic a tenth of a specified thing: he hadn't said a tithe of the prayers he knew. • v. [tr.] pay or give as a tithe: he tithes 10 percent of his income to the church. ∎ hist. subject to a tax of one tenth of income or produce. DERIVATIVES: tith·a·ble adj. ORIGIN: Old English tēotha (adjective in the ordinal sense ‘tenth,’ used in a specialized sense as a noun), tēothian (verb). |
|
|
Cite this article
"tithe." The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English. 2009. Encyclopedia.com. 11 Feb. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "tithe." The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English. 2009. Encyclopedia.com. (February 11, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O999-tithe.html "tithe." The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English. 2009. Retrieved February 11, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O999-tithe.html |
|
tithe
tithe The payment, originally in kind, of a tenth of the produce of land was at first a voluntary religious duty for the benefit of the poor, pilgrims, and churches, but by the 10th cent. it was compulsory. When lords built private churches on their land, tithe soon went to the lord's family with only a portion to the priest. With the spread of protestant nonconformity in the 17th cent., the payment of tithe became extremely contentious. Resentment of tithe was still a factor in the Swing riots of 1830 and the Rebecca riots in south Wales in 1842–3. By the Tithe Commutation Act (1836) all tithe was commuted to rent‐charges.
|
|
|
Cite this article
JOHN CANNON. "tithe." A Dictionary of British History. 2004. Encyclopedia.com. 11 Feb. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. JOHN CANNON. "tithe." A Dictionary of British History. 2004. Encyclopedia.com. (February 11, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O43-tithe.html JOHN CANNON. "tithe." A Dictionary of British History. 2004. Retrieved February 11, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O43-tithe.html |
|
tithe
tithe (Old English, ‘tenth’) A payment made by parishioners for the maintenance of the church and the support of its clergy. Levied by the early Hebrews and common in Europe after the synods of Tours (567) and Mâcon (585), tithes were enforced by law in England from the 10th century. They were divided into three categories – praedial (one-tenth of the produce of the soil), personal (one-tenth of the profits of labour and industry), and mixed (a combination of the produce of animals and labour). They were abolished finally in England in 1936.
|
|
|
Cite this article
"tithe." A Dictionary of World History. 2000. Encyclopedia.com. 11 Feb. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "tithe." A Dictionary of World History. 2000. Encyclopedia.com. (February 11, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O48-tithe.html "tithe." A Dictionary of World History. 2000. Retrieved February 11, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O48-tithe.html |
|
Tithing
TITHINGIn Western ecclesiastical law, the act of paying a percentage of one's income to further religious purposes. One of the political subdivisions of England that was composed of ten families who held freehold estates. Residents of a tithing were joined in a society and bound to the king to maintain peaceful relations with each other. The person responsible for the administration of the tithing was called the tithing-man; he was a forerunner of the constable. |
|
|
Cite this article
"Tithing." West's Encyclopedia of American Law. 2005. Encyclopedia.com. 11 Feb. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "Tithing." West's Encyclopedia of American Law. 2005. Encyclopedia.com. (February 11, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3437704392.html "Tithing." West's Encyclopedia of American Law. 2005. Retrieved February 11, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3437704392.html |
|
tithe
tithe adj. (arch.) tenth OE.; sb. tenth part of annual produce paid to the Church XII; tenth part XVI. OE. tēoða, contr. of teogoða, ME. tiʒ(e)þe, tīþe; see TENTH.
Hence tithe vb. OE. tēoðian, teogoðian grant a tithe of. So tithing (-ING1) church tithe; company orig. of ten householders in the system of frankpledge. OE. (Angl.) tīġeðing; (WS.) tēoðung. |
|
|
Cite this article
T. F. HOAD. "tithe." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology. 1996. Encyclopedia.com. 11 Feb. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. T. F. HOAD. "tithe." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology. 1996. Encyclopedia.com. (February 11, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O27-tithe.html T. F. HOAD. "tithe." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology. 1996. Retrieved February 11, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O27-tithe.html |
|
tithe
tithe Tax of one-tenth of income levied to support a religious institution. Tithes were prescribed in the Old Testament and were a major source of Church income in medieval Europe. They were largely abandoned in the 19th century.
|
|
|
Cite this article
"tithe." World Encyclopedia. 2005. Encyclopedia.com. 11 Feb. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "tithe." World Encyclopedia. 2005. Encyclopedia.com. (February 11, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O142-tithe.html "tithe." World Encyclopedia. 2005. Retrieved February 11, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O142-tithe.html |
|
tithe
tithe one tenth of annual produce or earnings, formerly taken as a tax for the support of the Church and clergy. The practice derived from Jewish custom, as recorded in Jacob's vow at Bethel, Genesis 28:22.
|
|
|
Cite this article
ELIZABETH KNOWLES. "tithe." The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. 2006. Encyclopedia.com. 11 Feb. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. ELIZABETH KNOWLES. "tithe." The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. 2006. Encyclopedia.com. (February 11, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O214-tithe.html ELIZABETH KNOWLES. "tithe." The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. 2006. Retrieved February 11, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O214-tithe.html |
|
tithe
tithe
•blithe, lithe, scythe, tithe, writhe
|
|
|
Cite this article
"tithe." Oxford Dictionary of Rhymes. 2007. Encyclopedia.com. 11 Feb. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "tithe." Oxford Dictionary of Rhymes. 2007. Encyclopedia.com. (February 11, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O233-tithe.html "tithe." Oxford Dictionary of Rhymes. 2007. Retrieved February 11, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O233-tithe.html |
|
tithing
tithing
•pennyfarthing • plaything
•silversmithing • anything
•everything • northing • nothing
•something • rebirthing • farthing
•scathing • sheathing
•tithing, writhing
•southing • clothing • underclothing
•Worthing • carving • woodcarving
•delving
•craving, engraving, paving, raving, saving, shaving
•self-deceiving, unbelieving, weaving
•living, misgiving, thanksgiving, unforgiving
•skydiving • piledriving • coving
•approving, reproving, unmoving
•unloving
•Irving, serving, unswerving
•time-serving • lapwing • waxwing
•batwing • redwing • lacewing
•beeswing • forewing • downswing
•outswing • viewing • upswing
•underwing • phrasing • stargazing
•trailblazing • hellraising • unpleasing
•rising, surprising
•self-aggrandizing • uncompromising
•unpatronizing • uprising
•enterprising • appetizing
•Dowsing, housing
•unimposing
•amusing, confusing, musing
|
|
|
Cite this article
"tithing." Oxford Dictionary of Rhymes. 2007. Encyclopedia.com. 11 Feb. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "tithing." Oxford Dictionary of Rhymes. 2007. Encyclopedia.com. (February 11, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O233-tithing.html "tithing." Oxford Dictionary of Rhymes. 2007. Retrieved February 11, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O233-tithing.html |
|
Search over 100 encyclopedias and dictionaries:
HighBeam™ Research, Inc. © Copyright 2012. All rights reserved.
The Encyclopedia.com advertising network includes:
