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Struma
STRUMA
In October 1941, the 180-ton Romanian coastal vessel Struma, which normally carried one hundred passengers, sailed for Haifa with almost one thousand Jewish refugees. The ship broke down at Istanbul on 16 December because of overloading, a leaking hull, and defective engines. Turkey would not permit the passengers to land without British certificates for Palestine, but the British refused to issue them. Since the refugees could not go forward and could not return to Romania, the Struma remained in port for ten weeks. The British refused the appeal of the Jewish Agency to permit the refugees entrance to Palestine—if only for later transport to Mauritius, an island in the Indian Ocean. On 24 February, Turkey towed the Struma with its passengers out to sea, where six miles from shore it sank; it is not known whether it capsized, struck a mine, or was hit by a torpedo. Some 70 children, 269 women, and 428 men drowned—only 2 swam to safety. This event became the symbol for the Jewish community in Palestine (the Yishuv) of Britain's unrelenting World War II policy toward the Jewish refugees of Nazi-occupied Europe. see also yishuv. BibliographyMorse, Arthur D. While Six Million Died: A Chronicle of American Apathy. New York: Random House, 1968. Sachar, Howard M. A History of Israel: From the Rise of Zionism to Our Time, 2d revised and updated edition. New York: Knopf, 1996. miriam simon |
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Simon, Miriam. "Struma." Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa. 2004. Encyclopedia.com. 27 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. Simon, Miriam. "Struma." Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa. 2004. Encyclopedia.com. (May 27, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3424602562.html Simon, Miriam. "Struma." Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa. 2004. Retrieved May 27, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3424602562.html |
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Struma
Struma. In December 1941 this 100-year-old, 180-ton cattleboat sailed for Palestine from Constanta, on Romania's Black Sea Coast, with 769 Jewish refugees aboard including 269 women and 70 children. She soon proved unseaworthy and was forced into Istanbul. As with those abroad the Patria, the British authorities refused all appeals to allow the refugees into Palestine. After two months the ship was forced to leave Istanbul by the Turkish authorities, and the loss of all but one aboard when she foundered led to an international outcry. See also Final Solution.
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I. C. B. DEAR and M. R. D. FOOT. " Struma." The Oxford Companion to World War II. 2001. Encyclopedia.com. 27 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. I. C. B. DEAR and M. R. D. FOOT. " Struma." The Oxford Companion to World War II. 2001. Encyclopedia.com. (May 27, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O129-Struma.html I. C. B. DEAR and M. R. D. FOOT. " Struma." The Oxford Companion to World War II. 2001. Retrieved May 27, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O129-Struma.html |
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struma
struma (stroo-mă) n. (pl. strumae) a swelling of the thyroid gland (see goitre). s. ovarii a teratoma of the ovary containing thyroid tissue that becomes active and causes thyrotoxicosis. See also Riedel's struma.
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"struma." A Dictionary of Nursing. 2008. Encyclopedia.com. 27 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "struma." A Dictionary of Nursing. 2008. Encyclopedia.com. (May 27, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O62-struma.html "struma." A Dictionary of Nursing. 2008. Retrieved May 27, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O62-struma.html |
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Struma
Struma , Gr. Strimón, river, 216 mi (348 km) long, rising in the mountains of W Bulgaria and flowing S, through NE Greece, to the Aegean Sea. |
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"Struma." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2011. Encyclopedia.com. 27 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "Struma." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2011. Encyclopedia.com. (May 27, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Struma.html "Struma." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2011. Retrieved May 27, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Struma.html |
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struma
struma (path.) scrofula XVI; scrofulous swelling, goitre XVII; (bot.) swelling at base of petiole XIX. — L. strūma scrofulous tumour.
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T. F. HOAD. "struma." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology. 1996. Encyclopedia.com. 27 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. T. F. HOAD. "struma." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology. 1996. Encyclopedia.com. (May 27, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O27-struma.html T. F. HOAD. "struma." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology. 1996. Retrieved May 27, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O27-struma.html |
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