South Euclid

South Euclid , city (1990 pop. 23,866), Cuyahoga co., NE Ohio, a suburb of Cleveland ; inc. as a city 1940. Mostly residential, it is the site of Notre Dame College.

royal having the status of or under the patronage of a king or queen. Royal is also a name for a paper size, 636 x 480 mm (in full metric royal), and a book size, 234 x 156 mm (also royal octavo) or 312 x 237 mm (in full royal quarto).
Royal Academy of Arts an institution established in London in 1768, whose purpose was to cultivate painting, sculpture, and architecture in Britain. Sir Joshua Reynolds was its first president and he instituted a highly influential series of annual lectures.
the Royal and Ancient St Andrews Golf Club, formed at St Andrews in Fife, Scotland, in 1754 as the Society of St Andrews Golfers; originally for ‘noblemen and gentlemen’. The name The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews was adopted in 1834 by permission of William IV, and in the 19th century the Club became the recognized authority on the rules of golf.
Royal Arms those used by the sovereign of a country, and generally including dynastic emblems and other traditional badges; the present Royal Arms of the United Kingdom, for example, show the leopards of England and lion rampant of Scotland with a harp for Ireland; the supporters, a lion and a unicorn, represent England and Scotland respectively, and the ground beneath the shield and its supporters has the rose of England, the thistle of Scotland, the Irish shamrock, and the Welsh leek. At earlier periods, they have included the lilies of France and the white horse of Hanover.
Royal Ascot a four-day race meeting held at Ascot in June, traditionally attended by the sovereign; it was initiated in 1711 by Queen Anne.
royal assent the assent of the sovereign to a Bill which has been passed by Parliament, and which thus becomes an Act of Parliament. Royal assent by the sovereign (in person or through commissioners of the Crown) is required before a Bill (or a Measure passed by the General Synod of the Church of England) can come into force as law, but it has not been withheld since 1707.
Royal Exchange originally founded by Thomas Gresham (1518–79); ‘Burse’ or Exchange was built in 1566, and received the name Royal Exchange from Queen Elizabeth; a name which was retained by the newer building which later housed it. In the 17th century, the two were sometimes respectively referred to as the Old Exchange and the New Exchange; the older building was burnt in the Great Fire of London. The second Royal Exchange, which was opened in 1669, was also destroyed by fire (in 1838); it was finally closed as an institution in 1939.
royal flush a straight flush including ace, king, queen, jack, and ten all in the same suit, which is the hand of the highest possible value in poker when wild cards are not in use; the term is recorded from the mid 19th century.
Royal Greenwich Observatory the official astronomical institution of Great Britain. It was founded at Greenwich in London in 1675 by Charles II, and the old buildings now form part of the National Maritime Museum. The Observatory headquarters were moved to Herstmonceux Castle in East Sussex in 1948 and to Cambridge in 1990.
Royal Highness the title of a prince or princess regarded as being of royal rank; up to the 17th century, Highness was the title of English kings and queens. In current British usage, Royal Highness is limited to the children, and grandchildren through the male line, of the sovereign.
Royal Institution a British society founded in 1799 for the diffusion of scientific knowledge. It organizes educational events, promotes research, and maintains a museum, library, and information service.
Royal jelly a substance secreted by honeybee workers and fed by them to larvae which are being raised as potential queen bees; in figurative use, the quality which means that someone can succeed in a preeminent role.
Royal Mint the establishment responsible for the manufacture of British coins. Set up in 1810 in London, it moved in 1968 to Llantrisant in South Wales.
Royal Society the oldest and most prestigious scientific society in Britain. It was formed by followers of Francis Bacon (including Robert Boyle, John Evelyn, and Christopher Wren) to promote scientific discussion especially in the physical sciences, and received its charter from Charles II in 1662. Its Philosophical Transactions, founded in 1665, is the oldest scientific journal.
royal ‘we’ the use of ‘we’ instead of ‘I’ by a single person, as traditionally used by a sovereign.
there is no royal road to learning proverbial saying, early 19th century; the expression comes ultimately from a saying attributed to the Greek mathematician Euclid in the Commentary on Euclid by the 5th-century Greek philosopher Proclus, ‘there is no royal short-cut to geometry.’

Zoning is the process by which a local government regulates the use of privately owned land within its jurisdiction. A municipality or county usually derives authority to engage in zoning from an enabling statute adopted by the state legislature. The enabling statute constitutes a delegation of the state's police power to regulate land use to promote the public welfare. Under this authority, the local legislative body, such as the city council, enacts a comprehensive zoning scheme by which the entire community is carved into discrete sections or zones. Certain uses are allowed in each zone. For example, only residences may be permitted in one area, whereas factories may be authorized elsewhere.

Predicated on traditional principles of common‐law nuisance, zoning became popular early in the twentieth century. Nonetheless, the notion of zoning was not uncritically embraced by the judiciary. State courts initially disagreed as to whether zoning ordinances were constitutional, and the decisions conflicted regarding the validity of excluding certain uses from certain areas. Debate centered on questions of due process, equal protection, and taking private property without just compensation. Ultimately, the constitutionality of zoning as a land‐control device was sustained by the Supreme Court in the seminal case of Euclid v. Ambler Realty Co. (1926).

Notwithstanding the Euclid decision, many aspects of zoning required refinement and further judicial scrutiny. The fundamental problem was that, although a zoning scheme might be reasonable in general terms, it could have an inappropriately harsh impact on certain parcels of land. The Supreme Court recognized this possibility in Euclid and in the subsequent case of Nectow v. City of Cambridge (1928) actually found a zoning ordinance unconstitutional as it applied to a specific tract. Nectow was the forerunner of much of our modern zoning litigation; today, landowners frequently assert that a local zoning ordinance is invalid with respect to a particular parcel of property.

A local legislative body may rezone to correct deficiencies in its original zoning scheme. Furthermore, zoning ordinances contain administrative mechanisms designed to fine‐tune the general scheme and thereby avoid disparate impact on landowners in the community. An administrative agency, such as a board of zoning appeals, is generally authorized to grant variances when the zoning scheme produces “unnecessary hardship” on individual landowners. The same body also has the power to grant conditional‐use permits for which provision has been made in the ordinance itself. Moreover, nonconforming uses that antedate the zoning ordinance are permitted to continue.

Since the mid‐twentieth century, the zoning concept has been utilized in novel ways to address various urban and suburban problems. Regulating land use to promote aesthetic values, to preserve landmarks or historical districts, and to manage growth are a few examples. These modern adaptations have often been challenged, and after 1970 a number of land‐use regulation cases reached the Supreme Court.

During this period, the Court frequently considered whether certain zoning or related action by a local government exceeded its regulatory authority and constituted taking property without compensation. In Penn Central Transportation Co. v. City of New York (1978), the city employed a landmark preservation ordinance to prevent construction of an office building over Grand Central Terminal. The Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of this action, noting that under the ordinance the landowner could still make reasonable use of the premises and could transfer development rights to other parcels. Conversely, in Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Commission (1992), the Court held that (absent state nuisance or property law dictating a contrary result) an uncompensated “per se” taking occurred when a state statute forbidding any significant development on two oceanfront building lots eliminated “all economically beneficial use” of those parcels.

The Court also addressed a vexing question regarding remedies available to an aggrieved landowner. In First English Evangelical Lutheran Church of Glendale v. County of Los Angeles (1987), the Court recognized the right of a landowner to obtain compensation for the temporary taking of property that may result from the adverse impact of an ordinance ultimately declared invalid. However, in Tahoe Sierra Preservation Council v. Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (2002), the Court concluded that building moratoria do not amount to per se takings for the duration that they are in place.

Notwithstanding such Supreme Court decisions, it remains difficult to ascertain when a land‐use regulation constitutes a permanent or temporary taking. Hence, the regulation/taking controversy continues.

Bibliography

Daniel R. Mandelker , Land Use Law, 5th ed. (2003).

Jon W. Bruce