Sidney James Webb

Sidney James Webb, Baron Passfield (1859-1947), was an English social reformer and a leading Fabian Socialist, a historian of social and economic institutions, founder of the London School of Economics and Political Science, and Cabinet minister.

Sidney Webb was born in London on July 13, 1859. He was educated in Switzerland, Germany, the Birkbeck Institute, the City of London College, and through his own intensive reading. After a brief period of employment in the office of a firm of colonial brokers, he entered the civil service in 1878. In 1885 he was called to the bar and in the following year received his bachelor of laws degree from London University.

In 1885 Webb joined the Fabian Society and soon became a dominating influence on that organization. In 1891 he resigned from the civil service to run successfully for the London County Council. During most of the next 2 decades he was chairman of the Technical Education Committee of the council and brought about a thoroughgoing reform and centralization of the educational system in London. In 1895 he became the founder of the London School of Economics and Political Science.

In 1892 Webb married Beatrice Potter. From that time on, their work merged so thoroughly that it is impossible to distinguish their individual contributions. Among the earliest and most notable of their works are The History of Trade Unionism (1894) and Industrial Democracy (1897). Later there were nine massive volumes of the history of English Local Government, the first of which appeared in 1906 and the last in 1929.

By 1910 the Webbs decided that the Fabian policy of working through the existing political parties without partisan involvement had outlived its usefulness, and the Fabian Society threw its weight behind the Labour party. From 1915 to 1925 Sidney was a member of the party executive. In 1920 he was elected to Parliament, and in 1924 he was appointed president of the Board of Trade. Although he retired from office in 1928, he was called out of retirement in 1929 to serve (as Baron Passfield) as secretary of state for the colonies.

After the fall of the Labour government in 1932, the Webbs toured the Soviet Union and extolled it in their Soviet Communism: A New Society? (1935). Beatrice died in 1943, and Sidney on Oct. 13, 1947.

Further Reading

Sidney Webb has received much less attention from biographers than has Beatrice. Margaret Cole, ed., The Webbs and Their Work (1949), is a collection of appraisals of the Webbs written by acquaintances and colleagues. Mary Agnes Hamilton, Sidney and Beatrice Webb (1933), examines the Webbs' activities up to the early 1930s. For Sidney Webb's role in the Fabian movement consult Anne Fremantle, This Little Band of Prophets: The Story of the Gentle Fabians (1960); Margaret Cole, The Story of Fabian Socialism (1961); and A. M. McBriar, Fabian Socialism and English Politics, 1884-1918 (1962).

Additional Sources

MacKenzie, Jeanne, A Victorian courtship: the story of Beatrice Potter and Sidney Webb, New York: Oxford University Press, 1979.

Radice, Lisanne, Beatrice and Sidney Webb: Fabian Socialists, New York: St. Martin's Press, 1984.

The Webbs and their work, Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1985. □

Webb, Sidney James, 1st Baron Passfield (b. 13 July 1859, d. 13 Oct. 1947), and Beatrice, neé Potter (b. 22 Jan. 1858, d. 30 Apr. 1943). British social reformers Sidney Webb joined the Fabian Society in 1885 and developed many of its ideas on socialism, while Beatrice began her research on the British cooperative movement. They married in 1892, and soon engaged in full-time social research. In 1894, they co-founded the London School of Economics, together with Robert Haldane, in order to promote research into social policy. Their own research bore considerable fruits, most notably The History of Trade Unionism, and English Local Government, a work whose quality was paralleled by its size (11 vols., 1903–29). In 1913 they established a further platform for their views, through the creation of the journal New Statesman. Beatrice was a member of the Royal Commission on the Poor Law (1905–9), where together with Landsbury she was largely responsible for the minority report which recommended a breakup of the existing Poor Law, to be replaced by separate agencies to cope with different social problems, such as unemployment, old age, etc. This solution became gradually established over the next decades. Sidney served in the London County Council 1892–1910. He drafted the Labour policy on domestic affairs in 1918 (Labour and the New Social Order), and was elected an MP in 1922. He became President of the Board of Trade in 1924, and Colonial Secretary in the year he was raised to the peerage, 1929.

Sidney James Webb see under Webb, Beatrice Potter .