French Political Geography

The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names Further reading

Saint-Étienne

The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed. | 2011 | Copyright

Saint-Étienne , city (1990 pop. 201,569), capital of Loire dept., SE France, in the Massif Central . The metropolitan region occupies much of what was once a major coal-mining and steelmaking district. Manufactures include ribbons (famous since the 15th cent.), silk, bicycles, automobile parts, textile machinery, precision instruments, electronics, plastics, containers, and food products. The textile and silk industry began in the 11th cent.; firearms were produced beginning in the 16th cent., for Francis I. Today the armaments complex builds nuclear- and chemical-weapon-detection devices. The first steel plant was built in 1815, and in 1827 the city became the terminus of the first railroad in France. Points of interest include a medieval church and abbey, the 17th-century Church of St. Louis and Notre Dame, and a Palace of Arts.

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Saint‐Étienne

Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names | 2005 | | Copyright

Saint‐Étienne, Rhône‐Alpes/France Founded in the 11th century and named after the church around which it developed. This was dedicated to St Stephen (in French, St Étienne), the first Christian martyr who died c.35.

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JOHN EVERETT-HEATH. "Saint‐Étienne." Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names. 2005. Encyclopedia.com. 1 Jun. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>.

JOHN EVERETT-HEATH. "Saint‐Étienne." Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names. 2005. Encyclopedia.com. (June 1, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O209-Sainttienne.html

JOHN EVERETT-HEATH. "Saint‐Étienne." Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names. 2005. Retrieved June 01, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O209-Sainttienne.html

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Free newspaper and magazine articles

	Contest; Win one of four breaks in Saint-Etienne.(Features) Newspaper article from: Daily Record (Glasgow, Scotland); 2/13/1999
	MUSIC: BANKING ON SARAH; SAINT ETIENNE'S SARAH CRACKNELL ON HER NEW SINGLE... Newspaper article from: The Mirror (London, England); 2/1/2008
	Music: Saint Etienne.(ENTERTAINMENT) Newspaper article from: Star Tribune (Minneapolis, MN); 5/23/1999