Robert Blake

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Blake, Robert (1599–1657), British admiral and colonel, born at Bridgewater and educated at Wadham College, Oxford. Nothing is known about him until he distinguished himself as a soldier in the defence of Bristol and Lyme during the Civil War. In 1649 he was appointed as a ‘general-at-sea’ to chase Prince Rupert's squadron which had declared for the royalist cause, and in 1651 he captured the Scilly Islands which were still holding out for the royalists.

In 1652, at the start of the First Dutch War (1652–4), he commanded in the Channel, from which he evicted the forces of two Dutch admirals, Marten Tromp (1597–1653) and Michiel de Ruyter (1607–76). However, he was later defeated off Dungeness in an action from which the legend originated that Tromp lashed a broom to his masthead to indicate that he would sweep the English from the seas. He was also defeated by Tromp the next year off Portland; but at the subsequent battle of the Gabbard he forced Tromp to retreat to the Texel.

In 1655 he commanded a fleet of 24 ships in the Mediterranean to destroy the Barbary pirates of Algiers. On the outbreak of war with Spain in 1656 he was sent to operate off Cadiz, where one of his captains captured a fleet of treasure ships. In April 1657 Blake intercepted another treasure fleet at Santa Cruz, Tenerife, where, in spite of his wounds and the strong position of the enemy, he destroyed the escorting ships. Ill health compelled him to return home and he died entering Plymouth Sound on 7 August 1657. His body lay in state at Greenwich before being buried in Westminster Abbey, whence it was exhumed and thrown in the Thames after the restoration of King Charles II.

Blake laid the foundations of naval discipline and tactics in the British Navy by his introduction of the Articles of War and the Fighting Instructions. His short but brilliant career at sea fully entitled him to Lord Clarendon's tribute as ‘the copy of naval courage’.

Bibliography

Baumber, M. , General at Sea: Robert Blake and the 17th-Century Revolution in Naval Warfare (1989).
Powell, J. , Robert Blake (1972).

Robert Blake 1599–1657, English admiral. A merchant, he sat in the Short Parliament (1640) and joined the parliamentary side in the civil war. He defended Bristol, Lyme, and Taunton against royalist attacks (1643–45). Appointed a "general at sea" (1649), he embarked on a brilliant naval career in his middle age. In 1650 he pursued the royalist fleet under Prince Rupert to Portugal, where he intercepted a large Portuguese treasure fleet at the mouth of the Tagus River. He caught up with Rupert in the Mediterranean and virtually destroyed his fleet. In 1651 he captured the Scilly Islands from royalist privateers and helped to reduce Jersey. In the first of the Dutch Wars he won several major victories against the Dutch and suffered one serious defeat. In 1655 he attacked and destroyed a Barbary pirate fleet at Porto Farino. In the winter of 1656–57 he blockaded the Spanish coast and sank the Spanish fleet at Santa Cruz. Made a member of the council of state in 1651, he helped to develop the effective Commonwealth navy.

Blake, Robert (1599–1657) English admiral. He was a member of the LONG PARLIAMENT and fought for the ROUNDHEADS during the ENGLISH CIVIL WAR. He achieved successes against the Royalists (1649–51), the Dutch (1652–54), and Spain (1656–57). His involvement in the preparation of the Fighting Instructions and Articles of War was crucial to the developing professionalism of the English navy, as was his association with the building of large, heavily armed vessels.