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Red Shirts

Dictionary of American History | 2003 | Copyright

RED SHIRTS

RED SHIRTS. Even though they wore shirts of various colors, this name was given to Democrat Wade Hampton's supporters, who in 1876 helped the former Confederate general become governor of South Carolina. Their core consisted of 290 clubs, composed of 14,350 men. They intimidated black voters and joined Hampton parades on foot or on horses or mules. Hundreds of uniformed blacks also joined Democratic parades in support of Hampton. Some thought Hampton, a paternalist, would bring peace and an end to corruption; others were bribed or intimidated into wearing red shirts. White and black Red Shirts also participated in Hampton's reelection in 1878.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Drago, Edmund L. Hurrah for Hampton: Black Red Shirts in South Carolina During Reconstruction. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 1998.

Simkins, Francis Butler, and Robert Hilliard Woody. South Carolina During Reconstruction. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1932.

Zuczek, Richard. State of Rebellion: Reconstruction in South Carolina. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1996.

Edmund L.Drago

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Red Shirts

A Dictionary of Contemporary World History | 2004 | | Copyright

Red Shirts A movement of the Pakhtu people in the North-West Frontier province of British India. Correctly titled Khudai Khidmatgar (Servants of God), it was formed in 1929 by Abdul Ghaffar Khan (b. 1890, d. 1988), a Muslim follower of Gandhi. It provided the main support for Khan's influence within the province until 1946, during which time it supported the Congress Party rather than the Muslim League. Despite his campaigns for a separate state of Pakhtunistan, he was forced to accept its absorption into Pakistan, which banned the movement. Khan was arrested several times, and became a national opposition leader, mainly through the Awami League.

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JAN PALMOWSKI. "Red Shirts." A Dictionary of Contemporary World History. 2004. Encyclopedia.com. 31 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>.

JAN PALMOWSKI. "Red Shirts." A Dictionary of Contemporary World History. 2004. Encyclopedia.com. (May 31, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O46-RedShirts.html

JAN PALMOWSKI. "Red Shirts." A Dictionary of Contemporary World History. 2004. Retrieved May 31, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O46-RedShirts.html

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Red Shirts

A Dictionary of World History | 2000 | Copyright

Red Shirts Members of a nationalist organization in British India in the NORTH-WEST FRONTIER province. Formed in 1929 by Abdul Ghaffar Khan, a follower of Mahatma GANDHI, it was correctly entitled Khudai Khidmatgar (Servants of God). It provided the main support for Ghaffar Khan's control of the province until 1946, during which time it was deployed in support of CONGRESS policies. Opposed to partition in 1947 Ghaffar Khan and the Red Shirts campaigned for a separate state of Pakhtunistan. The new government of Pakistan banned the Red Shirts and imprisoned Ghaffar Khan for 30 years.

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