Pelagianism

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Pelagianism , Christian heretical sect that rose in the 5th cent. challenging St. Augustine's conceptions of grace and predestination . The doctrine was advanced by the celebrated monk and theologian Pelagius (c.355–c.425). He was probably born in Britain. After studying Roman law and rhetoric and later theology in England and Rome, he preached in Africa and Palestine, attracting able followers, such as Celestius and Julian of Eclannum. Pelagius thought that St. Augustine was excessively pessimistic in his view that humanity is sinful by nature and must rely totally upon grace for salvation. Instead Pelagius taught that human beings have a natural capacity to reject evil and seek God, that Christ's admonition, "Be ye perfect," presupposes this capacity, and that grace is the natural ability given by God to seek and to serve God. Pelagius rejected the doctrine of original sin; he taught that children are born innocent of the sin of Adam. Baptism, accordingly, ceased to be interpreted as a regenerative sacrament. Pelagius challenged the very function of the church, claiming that the law as well as the gospel can lead one to heaven and that pagans had been able to enter heaven by virtue of their moral actions before the coming of Christ. The church fought Pelagianism from the time that Celestius was denied ordination in 411. In 415, Augustine warned St. Jerome in Palestine that Pelagius was propagating a dangerous heresy there, and Jerome acted to prevent its spread in the East. Pelagianism was condemned by East and West at the Council of Ephesus (431). A compromise doctrine, Semi-Pelagianism, became popular in the 5th and 6th cent. in France, Britain, and Ireland. Semi-Pelagians taught that although grace was necessary for salvation, men could, apart from grace, desire the gift of salvation, and that they could, of themselves, freely accept and persevere in grace. Semi-Pelagians also rejected the Augustinian doctrine of predestination and held that God willed the salvation of all men equally. At the instance of St. Caesarius of Arles, Semi-Pelagianism was condemned at the Council of Orange (529). By the end of the 6th cent., Pelagianism disappeared as an organized heresy, but the questions of free will, predestination, and grace raised by Pelagianism have been the subject of theological controversy ever since (see Molina, Luis ; Arminius, Jacobus ). Pelagius' Expositions of Thirteen Epistles of St. Paul was edited in English by Alexander Souter (3 vol., 1922–31).

Bibliography: See J. E. Chisholm, The Pseudo-Augustinian Hypomnesticon against the Pelagians and Celestinans (Vol. I, 1967); J. Pelikan, The Emergence of the Catholic Tradition (1971).

Pelagianism. Theologically, Pelagianism is the heresy that man can take the initial steps towards salvation by his own efforts, apart from Divine grace. Historically, it was an ascetic movement composed of disparate elements united under the name of the British theologian Pelagius, who taught in Rome in the later 4th and early 5th cents. It arose in the aristocratic circles in Rome which admired St Jerome in the 38os.Pelagius’ contribution was to supply a theology vindicating Christian asceticism against the charge of Manichaeism by emphasizing man's freedom to choose good by virtue of his God-given nature. The denial of the transmission of Original Sin seems to have been introduced into Pelagianism by Rufinus the Syrian, who influenced Pelagius’ supporter Celestius.

In 409 or 410 Pelagius and Celestius left Italy for Africa, whence Pelagius soon moved to Palestine. Celestius was accused of denying the transmission of Adam's sin to his descendants and was condemned by a Council of Carthage in 411. Soon afterwards St Augustine began to preach and write against Pelagian doctrines. In 415 Pelagius was accused of heresy by Orosius, who had been sent to Palestine by Augustine. He cleared himself at a diocesan synod at Jerusalem and at a provincial synod at Diospolis (Lydda), but the African bishops condemned Pelagius and Celestius at two Councils in 416 and persuaded Innocent I to excommunicate them. Pope Zosimus reopened the case but in 418 he confirmed his predecessor's judgement.

Pelagius himself then disappears from history. Pelagianism, however, was defended by Julian of Eclanum, who conducted a literary debate of great bitterness with Augustine. Celestius and his followers were again condemned at the Council of Ephesus in 431. Doctrines henceforth identified as Pelagian continued to find favour in Britain, while in Gaul the debate gave rise to Semipelagianism (q.v.).

Pelagianism is the Latin heresy. Pelagius is usually said to have come from Roman Britain, but a contemporary, Jerome, held that he was of the Irish people (Scotticae gentis) from the vicinity of the Britons; so the question of where he came from must remain open. Augustine perceived him as denying Original Sin and holding that man saved himself. Pelagius's exact teaching is unclear, but Augustine's reaction has reverberated down to this day. Hence every reference to Pelagius has been seized upon as evidence of the extent of his influence. In Ireland the name occurs in two contexts: first, in that Pelagius's commentary on Paul's epistles was used by name in Irish writings; and second, a letter from Pope‐elect John IV in 640 referring to a revival of Pelagianism in Ireland. However, neither constitutes evidence for a survival of support for Pelagius. The survival of his commentary in insular circles is probably accidental; and it was used because it was a good commentary rather than controversially. In John IV's letter, the issue is the date of Easter (see paschal controversy) and Pelagianism is used as a rebuke—no doubt remembering that Pelagius came from these islands.

Thomas O'Loughlin

Pelagianism. The Christian heresy which holds that a person can come to salvation by her or his own efforts apart from God's grace; or in co-operation with grace. It is named from the British theologian Pelagius, who taught in Rome in the 4th–5th cents. Pelagius' teaching was ascetic and moral, arguing that human nature is created by God in such a way that individuals are free to choose good or evil. Pelagianism was finally condemned at the Council of Ephesus in 431. Its influence continued, especially in the S. of France in the form of a movement now called ‘semi-Pelagianism’. First expounded by John Cassian, this was a doctrine midway between Augustine and Pelagius, mainly in opposition to Augustine's extreme views of predestination. It held that the first steps toward the Christian life were taken by the human will, God's grace supervening only later. After its condemnation in 529, Augustine's teaching on grace and free will prevailed everywhere in the Christian West.