CIS and Baltic Political Geography

The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names Further reading

Orel

The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed. | 2011 | Copyright

Orel , city (1990 pop. 337,000), capital of Orel region, central European Russia, on the Oka River. It is a large railroad junction, an agricultural trade center, and an industrial city producing machinery and clothing. Like Moscow, its main streets are rings and radii moving outward from a central core. It was founded in 1564 by Ivan IV as a fortified settlement to protect the southern border of Muscovy from Crimean Tatar attacks. In the 18th and 19th cent. it was a large trade center. Orel was (1919) the northernmost point reached by Denikin's White Army in the Russian civil war. The city was almost totally destroyed in World War II. The house of the author Turgenev, who was born in Orel, is now a museum.

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Orël

Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names | 2005 | | Copyright

Orël, Russia A province and a city located at the confluence of the Orlik and Oka Rivers, it was founded as a fortress in 1654. It takes its name from the Orlik which may come from the Turkic ayyr ‘fork’, a reference to the junction of the rivers. In Russian, orël means ‘eagle’, but there is no reason to suppose that this explains the city's name.

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JOHN EVERETT-HEATH. "Orël." Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names. 2005. Encyclopedia.com. 1 Jun. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>.

JOHN EVERETT-HEATH. "Orël." Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names. 2005. Encyclopedia.com. (June 1, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O209-Orl.html

JOHN EVERETT-HEATH. "Orël." Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names. 2005. Retrieved June 01, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O209-Orl.html

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Free newspaper and magazine articles

	Orel has a healthy appetite-for Walk for Hunger funds. Newspaper article from: The Jewish Advocate (Boston, MA); 5/4/1995
	Jeannette Orel of West Roxbury, 77; grandmother.(OBITUARIES2) Newspaper article from: The Jewish Advocate (Boston, MA); 12/29/2006
	Something OLD; something NEW Cleveland pitcher Orel Hershiser is the old pro... Newspaper article from: Star Tribune (Minneapolis, MN); 10/18/1997