Nicholas II (pope)

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Nicholas II

Nicholas II (c.1010-61), pope (1058-61), a Roman named Gerard, b. Lorraine, France; successor to Pope Stephen IX. A strong proponent of papal reform, he issued (1059) the Papal Election Decree in an effort to minimize political interference in papal elections. He favored the elimination of simony, clerical marriage, and lay influence in the church. Nicholas II also attempted to restore a common life for cathedral clergy and to eliminate the abuse and alienation of ecclesiastical property.

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"Nicholas II." The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2008. Encyclopedia.com. 8 Dec. 2009 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>.

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"Nicholas II." The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2008. Retrieved December 08, 2009 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Nichls2.html

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The Oxford Dictionary of Popes | 1996 | | Â© The Oxford Dictionary of Popes 1996, originally published by Oxford University Press 1996. (Hide copyright information) Copyright

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J. N. D. KELLY. "Nicholas II." The Oxford Dictionary of Popes. 1996. Encyclopedia.com. 8 Dec. 2009 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>.

J. N. D. KELLY. "Nicholas II." The Oxford Dictionary of Popes. 1996. Encyclopedia.com. (December 8, 2009). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O99-NicholasII.html

J. N. D. KELLY. "Nicholas II." The Oxford Dictionary of Popes. 1996. Retrieved December 08, 2009 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O99-NicholasII.html

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