Topic: Nicholas III

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Nicholas III

The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition
Nicholas III d. 1280, pope (1277-80), a Roman named Giovanni Gaetano Orsini; successor of John XXI . As a cardinal he made a great reputation in diplomacy, and he was a close confidant of popes for 30 years. He was elected pope after a six-month delay. Nicholas's principal efforts were directed to rendering the Holy See free of civil interference; he was most successful in obtaining renunciation by Rudolf I (Rudolf of Hapsburg) of all control over the Romagna. By passing laws preventing non-Romans from obtaining privileges in Rome, he quietly frustrated the ambitions of Charles I, king of... Read more
Nicholas II
The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition ... 1894-1917), son of Alexander III and Maria Feodorovna. Road to Revolution Nicholas was educated by private tutors ... Pobyedonostzev . Alexander III gave his son little training in affairs of state, and Nicholas proved to be a charming but ... Soon after his accession Nicholas stated that he ... Read more
Nicholas, Pope, V
Encyclopedia of World Biography ... Germany with Frederick III. The German princes withdrew ... pope he took the name Nicholas V in honor of his first ... Antipope The dynamic Nicholas had early political successes ... its agreement Frederick III recognized both the spiritual ... Concordat of Vienna, and Nicholas was able to focus ... Read more

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