South Asia Physical Geography

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Narmada

The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed. | 2011 | Copyright

Narmada , river, c.775 mi (1,250 km) long, rising in Madhya Pradesh state, central India, and flowing W between the Satpura and Vindhya ranges through Gujarat state to the Gulf of Khambat. Because the river is turbulent and confined between steep banks, it is unsuitable for navigation or irrigation. However, the river is being developed for irrigation and hydroelectric power in a long-term project involving some 30 large, 135 medium, and 3,000 smaller dams and hundreds of miles of canals in Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Gujarat. Gujarat will be the primary beneficiary of the irrigation aspects of the project. The project has been controversial both in India and internationally, in part because of the thousands of people who will need to be resettled. The Narmada, sacred to Hindus, is said to have sprung from the body of the god Shiva ; a round-trip pilgrimage on foot along its entire length is highly esteemed. Many holy baths and sites line its banks; at Marble Gorge, whose 100-ft-high (30.5-m) walls bear inscriptions and sculptures, is a 12th-century temple.

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"Narmada." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2011. Encyclopedia.com. 26 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>.

"Narmada." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2011. Encyclopedia.com. (May 26, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Narmada.html

"Narmada." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2011. Retrieved May 26, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Narmada.html

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Narmada

Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names | 2005 | | Copyright

Narmada, India A river in central India also called the Narbada. Second only to the River Ganges in holiness, the name means ‘Giving Pleasure’ from the Sanskrit narma ‘pleasure’ and da ‘to give’. Hindus believe that the river emanated from the body of the god Shiva.

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JOHN EVERETT-HEATH. "Narmada." Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names. 2005. Encyclopedia.com. 26 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>.

JOHN EVERETT-HEATH. "Narmada." Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names. 2005. Encyclopedia.com. (May 26, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O209-Narmada.html

JOHN EVERETT-HEATH. "Narmada." Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names. 2005. Retrieved May 26, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O209-Narmada.html

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Narmadā

The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions | 1997 | | Copyright

Narmadā, Nerbuddha. Sacred river to Hindus, second only to the Gaṅgā. Its pebbles which resemble the symbol of Śiva (liṅga svayambhū) are especially treasured.

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JOHN BOWKER. "Narmadā." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. 1997. Encyclopedia.com. 26 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>.

JOHN BOWKER. "Narmadā." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. 1997. Encyclopedia.com. (May 26, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O101-Narmad.html

JOHN BOWKER. "Narmadā." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. 1997. Retrieved May 26, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O101-Narmad.html

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Narmada

The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable | 2006 | | Copyright

Narmada a river which rises in Madhya Pradesh, central India, and flows generally westwards to the Gulf of Cambay; it is regarded by Hindus as sacred.

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ELIZABETH KNOWLES. "Narmada." The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. 2006. Encyclopedia.com. 26 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>.

ELIZABETH KNOWLES. "Narmada." The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. 2006. Encyclopedia.com. (May 26, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O214-Narmada.html

ELIZABETH KNOWLES. "Narmada." The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. 2006. Retrieved May 26, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O214-Narmada.html

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Free newspaper and magazine articles

	Holy waters: a trip up the Narmada River.(Cover Story) Magazine article from: National Catholic Reporter; 4/16/2004
	VALLEY OF THE DAMMED.(Narmada River) Magazine article from: Alternatives Journal; 6/22/2001
	Dams and development: the Narmada story.(dams on the River Narmada in India... Newspaper article from: Manavi Newsletter; 9/22/2002