Turkish and Ottoman History: Biographies

A Dictionary of World History The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Further reading

Askia Muhammad I

A Dictionary of World History | 2000 | Copyright

Askia Muhammad I (died 1528) Emperor of SONGHAY in West Africa (1493–1528). Originally named Muhammad Turé, he was SONNI ALI's best general. He usurped Songhay from Ali's son in 1493, thus founding a new dynasty, and took the title Askia. He was a convert to Islam, but tolerant towards pagans, and made the pilgrimage to MECCA, meeting many notable men, especially the great Muslim teacher al-Maghili. He had close political and commercial relationships with Morocco and Egypt, organized an efficient administration and an army and a navy on the River Niger, and made Timbuktu the capital of the Songhay empire, developing it as an intellectual and religious centre.

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Muhammad I

The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed. | 2008 | Copyright

Muhammad I or Mehmet I (Muhammad the Restorer), 1389?-1421, Ottoman sultan (1413-21), son of Beyazid I. By defeating his brothers he reunited most of his father's empire. He consolidated his authority and thus renewed Ottoman power. His son, Murad II, succeeded him.

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Free newspaper and magazine articles

	MUHAMMAD SENTENCED TO DIE, PROTESTS THAT HE IS INNOCENT "THESE OFFENSES ARE... Newspaper article from: The Virginian-Pilot (Norfolk, VA); 3/10/2004
	Muhammad sentenced to death; Judge schedules date for execution in Meyers... Newspaper article from: The Washington Times (Washington, DC); 3/10/2004
	Muhammad gets little help from his witnesses.(METROPOLITAN) Newspaper article from: The Washington Times (Washington, DC); 5/26/2006