Turkish and Ottoman History: Biographies

A Dictionary of World History The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Further reading

Askia Muhammad I

A Dictionary of World History | 2000 | Copyright

Askia Muhammad I (died 1528) Emperor of SONGHAY in West Africa (1493–1528). Originally named Muhammad Turé, he was SONNI ALI's best general. He usurped Songhay from Ali's son in 1493, thus founding a new dynasty, and took the title Askia. He was a convert to Islam, but tolerant towards pagans, and made the pilgrimage to MECCA, meeting many notable men, especially the great Muslim teacher al-Maghili. He had close political and commercial relationships with Morocco and Egypt, organized an efficient administration and an army and a navy on the River Niger, and made Timbuktu the capital of the Songhay empire, developing it as an intellectual and religious centre.

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Muhammad I

The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed. | 2011 | Copyright

Muhammad I or Mehmet I (Muhammad the Restorer), 1389?–1421, Ottoman sultan (1413–21), son of Beyazid I. By defeating his brothers he reunited most of his father's empire. He consolidated his authority and thus renewed Ottoman power. His son, Murad II, succeeded him.

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"Muhammad I." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2011. Encyclopedia.com. (May 26, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Muhammd1-Ot.html

"Muhammad I." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2011. Retrieved May 26, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Muhammd1-Ot.html

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Free newspaper and magazine articles

	Muhammad sentenced to death; Judge schedules date for execution in Meyers... Newspaper article from: The Washington Times (Washington, DC); 3/10/2004
	MUHAMMAD SENTENCED TO DIE, PROTESTS THAT HE IS INNOCENT "THESE OFFENSES ARE... Newspaper article from: The Virginian-Pilot (Norfolk, VA); 3/10/2004
	Muhammad gets little help from his witnesses.(METROPOLITAN) Newspaper article from: The Washington Times (Washington, DC); 5/26/2006