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MÉTIS
MÉTIS [Through French from Latin mixticius, mixed, from miscere/mixtum to mix. Compare miscegenate], also mixed-bloods, and pejoratively half-breeds. Canadian names for individuals and communities of Amerindian and European descent (usually from European fur traders and Native women), especially those who settled in the 19c in the valleys of the Red, Assiniboine, and Saskatchewan rivers: French-speaking Roman Catholic Métis (also called les bois brûlés: burnt woods) and English-speaking Métis (also called English half-breeds or Métis anglais). The latter were usually descendants of Scots employed by the Hudson's Bay Company and if so were also called Hudson Bay Scots or improved Scotsmen. For some, the term Métis is properly restricted to the French group. The Métis have founded various political and cultural organizations, mainly to pursue land claims, often in alliance with status and non-status Indians. The Constitution Act of 1982 recognized them as an aboriginal people. PIDGIN languages spoken by the Métis were used in the fur trade, centred in the Red River Valley, now in the province of Manitoba. The best-known English-based DIALECT is Bungee (from Ojibwa panki a little), also known as the Red River dialect. Howard Adams has recalled: ‘In all the twenty years I spent in my halfbreed home, a bed was known as a paillasse (pa-jas). Doughnuts made by Métis women were called “la bange” [French beignet]…. When I first went into mainstream society my Métis ways were ridiculed and my language of “Metchif patois”, a combination of English, French, and Cree, was openly mocked’ (Prison of Grass: Canada from the Native Point of View, 1975, p. 175). The writer Maria Campbell reported in an interview: ‘We talk English, but we talk such a broken mixture of French, English, Gaelic and Cree, all mixed together’ (to Doris Hills in ‘You Have to Own Yourself’, in Prairie Fire, 1988).
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TOM McARTHUR. "MÉTIS." Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language. 1998. Encyclopedia.com. 10 Feb. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. TOM McARTHUR. "MÉTIS." Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language. 1998. Encyclopedia.com. (February 10, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O29-MTIS.html TOM McARTHUR. "MÉTIS." Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language. 1998. Retrieved February 10, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O29-MTIS.html |
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Métis
Métis An umbrella term used in Canada to describe and define the people of mixed European and Indian descent. The Métis, especially in Manitoba, had established themselves by the early nineteenth century as buffalo hunters and provisioners to the North West Company. With the disappearance of the great buffalo herds, however, they were left with no means of providing for themselves. When a promised land grant of nearly 1.5 million acres was lost to predominantly European settlement after 1870, the Métis became increasingly agitated. Two unsuccessful rebellions led by Louis Riel (b. 22 Oct. 1844, d. 16 Nov. 1885) left the Métis dispersed and with little political influence. Their population and their morale reached an all-time low just after 1900 until they began to organize and articulate their demands in the 1930s. A. H. de Tremaudan's History of the Métis Nation in Western Canada appeared in 1936, while the lobbying of newly created provincial interest groups led to the creation of the first provincial public inquiry into their concerns in Alberta, 1934–6. Their concerns received greater attention from the 1960s onwards, as they lobbied for further cultural recognition and realization of land claims in conjunction with the other native peoples, the Canadian Indians and the Inuit. In 1982, the Métis were recognized as a distinct Aboriginal people in the Canadian Constitution. Since then, the Métis have been formally represented by the Métis National Council which demanded the settlement of land claims, the recognition of Métis culture, and particular support for urban Métis.
http://www.metisnation.ca Nunavut; land claims, native (Canada) |
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JAN PALMOWSKI. "Métis." A Dictionary of Contemporary World History. 2004. Encyclopedia.com. 10 Feb. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. JAN PALMOWSKI. "Métis." A Dictionary of Contemporary World History. 2004. Encyclopedia.com. (February 10, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O46-Mtis.html JAN PALMOWSKI. "Métis." A Dictionary of Contemporary World History. 2004. Retrieved February 10, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O46-Mtis.html |
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Metis
Metis The innermost known satellite of Jupiter, distance 128 000 km, orbital period 0.295 days; also known as Jupiter XVI. It lies less than one Jovian radius above the planet's cloud tops, and within Jupiter's main ring. Metis is noticeably elongated, 60 km long by 40 km wide. As in the case of Adrastea, particles knocked off the surface of Metis by micrometeoroid impacts probably contribute to the ring. Metis was discovered in 1979 on images taken by the two Voyager spacecraft.
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"Metis." A Dictionary of Astronomy. 1997. Encyclopedia.com. 10 Feb. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "Metis." A Dictionary of Astronomy. 1997. Encyclopedia.com. (February 10, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O80-Metis.html "Metis." A Dictionary of Astronomy. 1997. Retrieved February 10, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O80-Metis.html |
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Metis
Metis (Jupiter XVI) The innermost of the known jovian planets, discovered in 1979. It orbits inside the main ring of Jupiter (it is a moom); it and Adrastea may be the source of the material comprising the ring. Metis has a diameter of 40 (±20) km; mass 9.56 × 1016 kg; mean distance from Jupiter 128 000 km.
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AILSA ALLABY and MICHAEL ALLABY. "Metis." A Dictionary of Earth Sciences. 1999. Encyclopedia.com. 10 Feb. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. AILSA ALLABY and MICHAEL ALLABY. "Metis." A Dictionary of Earth Sciences. 1999. Encyclopedia.com. (February 10, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O13-Metis.html AILSA ALLABY and MICHAEL ALLABY. "Metis." A Dictionary of Earth Sciences. 1999. Retrieved February 10, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O13-Metis.html |
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Metis
Metis , in astronomy, one of the 39 known moons, or natural satellites, of Jupiter . |
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"Metis." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2008. Encyclopedia.com. 10 Feb. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "Metis." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2008. Encyclopedia.com. (February 10, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Metis-ast.html "Metis." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2008. Retrieved February 10, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Metis-ast.html |
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