|
Search over 100 encyclopedias and dictionaries: |
Research categories | Follow us on Twitter |
Research categories
View all topics in the newsView all reference sources at Encyclopedia.com |
|||
Manchukuo
Manchukuo (‘state of the Manchus’) was the name given by the Japanese to the Chinese state of Manchuria—historically a territory disputed by China, Japan, and Russia—after their Kwantung Army occupied it in September 1931. The occupation took place after what was known as the Mukden (Fengtien after 1932), or Manchurian, Incident, in which the Japanese accused the Chinese of blowing up a railway line which they had sabotaged themselves. A puppet state was established in March 1932 for the 34 million inhabitants, to which the province of Jehol was added the following year and eastern Chahar in 1935. They and the 240,000 Japanese residents in Manchuria—who by 1939 had increased to 837,000—were nominally ruled by Emperor Pu Yi. But the real power lay with the Japanese commander of the Kwantung Army, while Manchukuo's commerce was dominated by the South Manchurian Railway Company, whose influence and prestige have been likened by one historian to those of a latter-day East India Company. Japan officially recognized Manchukuo's existence in September 1932, but, with the exception of Germany and Italy—and later Wang Ching-wei's puppet regime in Nanking (see China, 3(b))—few other countries did so. When the League of Nations condemned the occupation Japan simply left the League.
Japan's huge investment programme modernized Manchukuo's communications and economy, and developed raw materials such as coal, iron ore, and timber. It soon became a market closed to everyone but Japanese businessmen; Nissan formed the Manchukuo Heavy Industries Development Corporation to exploit the area's natural resources; a five-year industrial plan was introduced; and eventually the country's output was completely geared to Japan's war economy. Also, the Japanese cynically encouraged the production and sale of opium and its more lethal derivatives, heroin and morphine, thereby not only acquiring staggering financial profits but ensuring a quiescent population. After Manchukuo was annexed the Kwantung Army became involved in many border clashes with the USSR which culminated in the Nomonhan Incident in August 1939 (see Japanese–Soviet campaigns). After Japan surrendered in August 1945 Manchukuo was returned to China. See also China incident and collaboration. |
|
|
Cite this article
I. C. B. DEAR and M. R. D. FOOT. "Manchukuo." The Oxford Companion to World War II. 2001. Encyclopedia.com. 28 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. I. C. B. DEAR and M. R. D. FOOT. "Manchukuo." The Oxford Companion to World War II. 2001. Encyclopedia.com. (May 28, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O129-Manchukuo.html I. C. B. DEAR and M. R. D. FOOT. "Manchukuo." The Oxford Companion to World War II. 2001. Retrieved May 28, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O129-Manchukuo.html |
|
Manchukuo
Manchukuo , former country, comprising the three provinces of NE China, traditionally called Manchuria. The Japanese invaded Manchuria in 1931 and founded Manchukuo in 1932. Changchun, the capital, was renamed Xinjing [Chinese,=new capital]. Pu Yi , last of the Manchu ( Ch'ing ) dynasty of China, ruled as regent and emperor. Manchukuo, ostensibly an independent Manchu state, was a Japanese puppet-state. Of the major countries only Japan, Italy, and Germany extended diplomatic recognition; few foreigners were allowed into Manchukuo. The Japanese military kept strict control of the administration and fought a continuing guerrilla war with native resistance groups. To develop Manchukuo as a war base, the Japanese greatly expanded industry and railroads. After World War II, Chinese sovereignty was reasserted over the area. |
|
|
Cite this article
"Manchukuo." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2011. Encyclopedia.com. 28 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "Manchukuo." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2011. Encyclopedia.com. (May 28, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Manchuku.html "Manchukuo." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2011. Retrieved May 28, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Manchuku.html |
|
Manchukuo
Manchukuo Japanese puppet state in Manchuria (1932–45). Using the Mukden Incident as a pretext, the Japanese seized the city of Mukden in September 1931 and within five months had extended their power over all Manchuria. Japanese expansion to the west was halted by the Soviet army in 1939, but the Japanese remained in control of Manchukuo until the Chinese communists (with support from the Soviet Union, who removed large quantities of industrial equipment) took over at the end of World War II.
|
|
|
Cite this article
"Manchukuo." A Dictionary of World History. 2000. Encyclopedia.com. 28 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "Manchukuo." A Dictionary of World History. 2000. Encyclopedia.com. (May 28, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O48-Manchukuo.html "Manchukuo." A Dictionary of World History. 2000. Retrieved May 28, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O48-Manchukuo.html |
|
Manchukuo
|
|
|
Cite this article
"Manchukuo." World Encyclopedia. 2005. Encyclopedia.com. 28 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "Manchukuo." World Encyclopedia. 2005. Encyclopedia.com. (May 28, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O142-Manchukuo.html "Manchukuo." World Encyclopedia. 2005. Retrieved May 28, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O142-Manchukuo.html |
|
Manchukuo
|
|
|
Cite this article
ELIZABETH KNOWLES. "Manchukuo." The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. 2006. Encyclopedia.com. 28 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. ELIZABETH KNOWLES. "Manchukuo." The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. 2006. Encyclopedia.com. (May 28, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O214-Manchukuo.html ELIZABETH KNOWLES. "Manchukuo." The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. 2006. Retrieved May 28, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O214-Manchukuo.html |
|
Search over 100 encyclopedias and dictionaries:
HighBeam™ Research, Inc. © Copyright 2012. All rights reserved.
The Encyclopedia.com advertising network includes:
