Luis Alberto Ferré , 1904-2003, Puerto Rican politician, governor of Puerto Rico (1969-73), b. Ponce. An engineer (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, B.S. 1924, M.S. 1925) and millionaire, he ran a family cement company and was elected to the the island's house of representatives in 1952. In 1967 he founded the pro-statehood New Progressive party; as its candidate he won the governorship in 1968, breaking the Popular Democratic party's 28-year domination. His reelection campaign in 1972 became a virtual referendum on statehood, which Ferré advocated. Ferré was defeated by Rafael Hernández Colón, who espoused continuation of the commonwealth status. He was a senator in the Puerto Rican legislature for two terms (1976-85), serving as senate president during his first term.

Costa Rica A small country on the Central American isthmus, between Nicaragua and Panama.

Physical

It has a Caribbean coast on its north-east and a Pacific coast on its south-west. While the coastal lowlands have a tropical climate, a range of volcanic mountains occupies the centre of the country, providing plateaux which have a mild climate. There are several peaks over 3350 m (11,000 feet).

Economy

The soil is very fertile and supports livestock farming and some of the finest coffee in the world. Bananas are grown and cattle-rearing is important. The chemical and textile industries also contribute to the economy.

History

Costa Rica was discovered by COLUMBUS during his fourth voyage to the New World in 1502. Permanent settlement did not occur until 1564 when Juan Vásquez de Coronado, with settlers from Nicaragua, founded Cartago on the Meseta Central. The small Indian population fell victim to disease, leaving the ethnic make-up of the area mostly European. Costa Rica formed part of the captaincy-general of Guatemala until 1821, when it joined the independent Mexican empire (1821–23) and then the United Provinces of Central America (1823–38). In 1838 it became an independent republic. A policy of isolation and stability, together with agricultural fertility, brought considerable British and US investment in the 19th century. Apart from the brief dictatorship of Federico Tinoco Granados (1917–19), Costa Rica was remarkable in the late 19th and early 20th centuries for its democratic tradition. After World War II left-wing parties emerged, including the communist. The socialist Presidents Otilio Ulate (1948–53) and José Figueres (1953–58; 1970–74), tried to disband the army, nationalize banks, and curb US investment. A new constitution, granting universal suffrage and abolishing the armed forces, was introduced in 1949. Political tensions in the 1970s were aggravated by economic problems and by the arrival of many fugitives from neighbouring states. President Luis Alberto Monge (1982–86) had to impose severe economic restraint. In 1987 President Oscar Arias Sánchez (1986–90) put forward a peace-plan for Central America, to which President Reagan reacted by reducing US aid to the country. Severe economic difficulties continued, with an IMF-imposed austerity programme and widespread industrial unrest in the early 1990s.