German History: Biographies

The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Further reading

Windthorst, Ludwig

The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church | 2000 | | Copyright

Windthorst, Ludwig (1812–91), German Catholic politician. He held high office in Hanover. After the union of Hanover with Prussia in 1866, he became a member of the N. German Diet and later of the German Reichstag. In 1871 he helped to found the Centre Party; he was its leader until his death. He took part in the Kulturkampf and had a large share in the negotiations for the repeal of the May Laws.

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E. A. LIVINGSTONE. "Windthorst, Ludwig." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. 2000. Encyclopedia.com. 31 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>.

E. A. LIVINGSTONE. "Windthorst, Ludwig." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. 2000. Encyclopedia.com. (May 31, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O95-WindthorstLudwig.html

E. A. LIVINGSTONE. "Windthorst, Ludwig." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. 2000. Retrieved May 31, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O95-WindthorstLudwig.html

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Ludwig Windthorst

The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed. | 2011 | Copyright

Ludwig Windthorst , 1812–91, German political leader. As a founder and head of the Catholic Center party, he became the Reichstag's foremost opponent of Chancellor Otto von Bismarck in the dispute between the chancellor and the German Roman Catholics known as the Kulturkampf . Remarkable for parliamentary skill, he later helped Bismarck seek a reconciliation with the Roman Catholic Church.

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"Ludwig Windthorst." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2011. Encyclopedia.com. 31 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>.

"Ludwig Windthorst." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2011. Encyclopedia.com. (May 31, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Windthor.html

"Ludwig Windthorst." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2011. Retrieved May 31, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Windthor.html

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Free newspaper and magazine articles

	Herman Schell and the reform of the Catholic Church in Germany. Magazine article from: Theological Studies; 9/1/1993
	Practicing Democracy: Elections and Political Culture in Imperial Germany.... Magazine article from: The Australian Journal of Politics and History; 3/1/2002