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Lincoln
Lincoln (Roman) was a legionary fortress, then the colonia of Lindum, where the river Witham flows east through the ridge of the Lincoln Edge. The earliest known fortress, under the later town, was constructed by legio IX Hispana c.60, but there may have been earlier military occupation south of the river. In the early 70s IX Hispana was replaced by legio II Adiutrix which left the fortress in the late 70s, and the colonia was probably founded in the 80s. As at Gloucester, the legionary defences, on the hilltop, were maintained and fronted in stone, but at Lincoln the defensive circuit was extended down to the river as earthwork in the later 2nd cent., later fronted in stone. This brought the defended area to c.100 acres. The gates, including the surviving Newport Arch, were impressive. The principal public buildings were in the ‘upper’ colonia, including a forum/basilica incorporating the extant Mint Wall, baths supplied by an aqueduct which crossed the Roaring Meg stream on arches, and a sewer system. The evidence of houses, mosaics, sculpture, and burials suggests a considerable degree of prosperity and Mediterranean-style culture. In the 4th cent. Lincoln may have become a provincial capital; a bishop may have attended the Council of Arles in 314.
Alan Simon Esmonde Cleary post-RomanAfter five centuries of near-desertion Lincoln was revived by the Vikings as a river port. The Normans planted a castle and cathedral in the upper city (the Roman site); the commercial centre spread downhill, where it still is. Lincoln's heyday was the 12th and 13th cents., when it was one of the six largest English towns, with 47 parish churches and a thriving textile industry. Its importance and strategic position made it the scene of decisive civil war battles (1141, 1217) and a second coronation of Henry II (1157). It declined spectacularly in the 14th and 15th cents., a decline which grants of privileges from the crown (culminating in county status in 1409) could not avert. Lincoln revived only modestly as a social centre in the 18th cent. and as an industrial town in the 19th; it has thus been able to preserve much of its historic fabric. Jewels in Lincoln's crown include the cathedral (called by Ruskin ‘the most precious piece of architecture in the British Isles’), the only Roman gateway in Britain still used by traffic, and the only medieval bridge in Britain still lined by shops and houses.David M. Palliser |
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JOHN CANNON. "Lincoln." The Oxford Companion to British History. 2002. Encyclopedia.com. 26 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. JOHN CANNON. "Lincoln." The Oxford Companion to British History. 2002. Encyclopedia.com. (May 26, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O110-Lincoln.html JOHN CANNON. "Lincoln." The Oxford Companion to British History. 2002. Retrieved May 26, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O110-Lincoln.html |
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Lincoln
Lincoln, Argentina, Canada, New Zealand, UK, USA 1. UK (England): formerly Lindon, Lindum Colonia, and Lincolia ‘(Roman) Colony by the Pool’, a reference to the marshes and pools of the River Witham from the Celtic lindo ‘lake’ or ‘pool’ and the Latin colonia ‘colony’. As a place for retired Roman legionaries, Colonia was added c.90. The present name is a combination of the first syllable of each word. Lincoln was built as a garrison for the Roman 9th Legion Hispana c.60; subsequently it was occupied by the 2nd Adiutrix Legion. The name of the county comes from the city's name and the additional scīr.2. USA (Illinois): founded in 1853, it was named after Abraham Lincoln (1809–65), then a lawyer who undertook the work associated with its incorporation in 1857 and later President of the United States (1861–5).3. USA (Nebraska): laid out in 1859 as Lancaster, it was renamed in 1867, when it was chosen as the state capital, after Abraham Lincoln, assassinated in 1865 while still serving as president.4. USA: fifteen other states have cities with this name, some after Abraham Lincoln, some after General Benjamin Lincoln (1733–1810), a senior commander in the American War of Independence (1775–83) and secretary of war (1781–3), and some from the city or county in England.
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JOHN EVERETT-HEATH. "Lincoln." Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names. 2005. Encyclopedia.com. 26 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. JOHN EVERETT-HEATH. "Lincoln." Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names. 2005. Encyclopedia.com. (May 26, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O209-Lincoln.html JOHN EVERETT-HEATH. "Lincoln." Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names. 2005. Retrieved May 26, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O209-Lincoln.html |
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Lincoln
Lincoln city (1991 pop. 79,980) and district, Lincolnshire, E England, in the Parts of Kesteven, on the Witham River. Located at the junction of the Roman Fosse Way and Ermine Street, the city is a center of road and rail transportation. Manufactures include heavy machinery, light-metal products, automobile and electronic parts, and food products. Lincoln was an ancient British settlement, the Roman Lindum or Lindum Colonia, and was one of the Five Boroughs of the Danes. Lincoln Castle, begun by William I in 1068, was contested in the civil war between Matilda and Stephen (12th cent.). The town was burned in the 12th cent.; three parliaments were held in Lincoln in the 14th cent. Parliamentarians captured it in 1644. For centuries horse races and fairs have been held in Lincoln. The Lincoln Cathedral, first built from 1075 to 1501, has a central tower 271 ft (83 m) high, containing the famous bell "Great Tom of Lincoln." One of the few extant copies of the Magna Carta is in the cathedral. In Lincoln are teacher-training, theological, art, and technical colleges. |
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"Lincoln." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2011. Encyclopedia.com. 26 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "Lincoln." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2011. Encyclopedia.com. (May 26, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-LincoEng.html "Lincoln." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. 2011. Retrieved May 26, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-LincoEng.html |
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Lincoln
Lincoln was a legionary fortress, then the colonia of Lindum, where the river Witham flows east through the ridge of the Lincoln Edge. The gates, including the surviving Newport Arch, were impressive. In the 4th cent. Lincoln may have become a provincial capital; a bishop may have attended the Council of Arles in 314. After five centuries of near‐desertion Lincoln was revived by the Vikings as a river port. The Normans planted a castle and cathedral in the upper city (the Roman site); the commercial centre spread downhill, where it still is. Lincoln's heyday was the 12th and 13th cents., when it was one of the six largest English towns, with 47 parish churches and a thriving textile industry. It declined spectacularly in the 14th and 15th cents., and revived only modestly as a social centre in the 18th cent. and as an industrial town in the 19th.
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Cite this article
JOHN CANNON. "Lincoln." A Dictionary of British History. 2004. Encyclopedia.com. 26 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. JOHN CANNON. "Lincoln." A Dictionary of British History. 2004. Encyclopedia.com. (May 26, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O43-Lincoln.html JOHN CANNON. "Lincoln." A Dictionary of British History. 2004. Retrieved May 26, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O43-Lincoln.html |
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Lincoln
Lincoln ♂ Transferred use of the surname, in origin a local name from the name of the city of Lincoln. This is found in the 7th century as Lindum colonia, probably from an Old Welsh word meaning ‘lake’ (compare modern Welsh llyn) + the Latin defining term colonia ‘colony, settlement’. As a given name it was in use in the United States in the 18th century. Rising in popularity in the 19th century, it has no doubt sometimes been bestowed in honour of Abraham Lincoln (1809–65), 16th president of the United States, who led the Union to victory in the Civil War and enforced the emancipation of slaves.
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PATRICK HANKS, KATE HARDCASTLE, and FLAVIA HODGES. "Lincoln." A Dictionary of First Names. 2006. Encyclopedia.com. 26 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. PATRICK HANKS, KATE HARDCASTLE, and FLAVIA HODGES. "Lincoln." A Dictionary of First Names. 2006. Encyclopedia.com. (May 26, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O41-Lincoln.html PATRICK HANKS, KATE HARDCASTLE, and FLAVIA HODGES. "Lincoln." A Dictionary of First Names. 2006. Retrieved May 26, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O41-Lincoln.html |
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Lincoln
Lincoln City in e England; the county town of Lincolnshire. The Romans founded the city as Lindum Colonia. As one of the five boroughs of the Danelaw, Lincoln thrived on its wool trade until the 14th century. In the 19th century, the draining of surrounding fenland revived the local economy. The castle was begun (1068) in the reign of William I, and houses one of the original copies of the Magna Carta. Lincoln Cathedral (begun c.1073) has a central tower 83m (271ft) high. Industries: farm machinery. Pop. (1997) 83,000.
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"Lincoln." World Encyclopedia. 2005. Encyclopedia.com. 26 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. "Lincoln." World Encyclopedia. 2005. Encyclopedia.com. (May 26, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O142-Lincoln1.html "Lincoln." World Encyclopedia. 2005. Retrieved May 26, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O142-Lincoln1.html |
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Lincoln
Lincoln Lincs. Lindon c.150, Lindum colonia late 7th cent., Lincolia 1086 (DB). ‘Roman colony (for retired legionaries) by the pool’, referring to the broad pool in the River Witham. Celtic *lindo- + Latin colonia. Lincolnshire (OE scīr ‘district’) is first referred to in the 11th cent.
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A. D. MILLS. "Lincoln." A Dictionary of British Place-Names. 2003. Encyclopedia.com. 26 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. A. D. MILLS. "Lincoln." A Dictionary of British Place-Names. 2003. Encyclopedia.com. (May 26, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O40-Lincoln.html A. D. MILLS. "Lincoln." A Dictionary of British Place-Names. 2003. Retrieved May 26, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O40-Lincoln.html |
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Lincoln
Lincoln. A see was established here by Bp. Remigius (d. 1092), who transferred it from Dorchester, Oxon. It became the largest diocese in England, extending from the Thames to the Humber. The cathedral was begun in 1086 and largely completed by 1300.
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E. A. LIVINGSTONE. "Lincoln." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. 2000. Encyclopedia.com. 26 May. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. E. A. LIVINGSTONE. "Lincoln." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. 2000. Encyclopedia.com. (May 26, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O95-Lincoln.html E. A. LIVINGSTONE. "Lincoln." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. 2000. Retrieved May 26, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O95-Lincoln.html |
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