Liberty Hyde Bailey

Liberty Hyde Bailey 1858-1954, American botanist and horticulturist, b. South Haven, Mich., grad. Michigan Agricultural College (now Michigan State Univ.), 1882. At Cornell Univ. he was professor of horticulture (1888-1903) and dean of the agricultural college and director of the agricultural experiment station (1903-13). Through numerous writings and as chairman of President Theodore Roosevelt's Commission on Country Life (1908), he worked for the improvement of rural life. Bailey was influential in establishing horticulture as a respected science. He wrote many basic works on botany and horticulture, edited The Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture (6 vol., 1914-17; new ed. 1935) and Cyclopedia of American Agriculture (4 vol., 1907-9), and compiled (with E. Z. Bailey) Hortus (1930, rev. ed. 1935) and Hortus Second (1941). Hortus Third was published in 1976.

Bibliography: See biographies by P. Dorf (1956) and A. D. Rodgers (1949, repr. 1965).

Clarendon, Edward Hyde, 1st earl of (1609–74). In the first session of the Long Parliament, 1640–1, Hyde led the attack on Charles I's prerogative courts, but in the second he perceived John Pym's policies as an equal threat to constitutional liberties. He co‐authored Charles's declarations, joining him at York in May 1642. In 1643 as privy counsellor and chancellor of the Exchequer he persuaded Charles to convoke a parliament at Oxford. Similarly as adviser to the exiled Charles II he counselled him not to owe his restoration to foreign intervention.

In 1660 he became earl and lord chancellor. His pregnant daughter Anne's marriage to James, duke of York, provoked charges that he dominated the royal family. He opposed the second Anglo‐Dutch War. But when the war ended in failure, Charles abandoned him, encouraging his impeachment. Clarendon fled to France, where he completed his monumental History of the Rebellion.

Clarendon, Edward Hyde, 1st earl of (1609–74). Constitutionalism and the rule of law provided the guiding principles of Clarendon's life. In the first session of the Long Parliament, 1640–1, he led the attack on Charles I's prerogative courts, but in the second he perceived John Pym's radical policies as an equal threat to constitutional liberties and religious order. He co-authored Charles's declarations, joining him at York in May 1642. In 1643 as privy counsellor and chancellor of the Exchequer he persuaded Charles to convoke a parliament of royalist peers and MPs at Oxford to offset the absolutist advice of courtiers and soldiers. Similarly as adviser to the exiled Charles II he counselled him not to owe his restoration to Scottish, French, or Spanish intervention purchased by the abandonment of the Church of England.

In 1660 he became earl and lord chancellor. He did not think it proper to act as a prime minister, but his pregnant daughter Anne's marriage to James, duke of York, provoked charges that he dominated the royal family. Nor would he engage in systematic parliamentary management. He opposed all governmental innovations and the second Anglo-Dutch War, and lost control over junior ministers who combined against him when the war ended in failure. Charles cynically abandoned him, encouraging his impeachment. Clarendon fled to France, where he completed his monumental History of the Rebellion.

J. R. Jones