Leopold Robert

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Léopold Robert

The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition | 2008 | The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Copyright 2008 Columbia University Press. (Hide copyright information) Copyright

Léopold Robert , 1794-1835, French genre painter, b. Switzerland; pupil of J. L. David. He excelled in depicting Italian folk life in a classical style. His two best-known paintings, Pilgrimage of the Madonna of the Arc and Harvesters in the Pontine Marshes, are in the Louvre.

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Thoreau, Henry David

The Oxford Companion to United States History | 2001 | | © The Oxford Companion to United States History 2001, originally published by Oxford University Press 2001. (Hide copyright information) Copyright

Thoreau, Henry David (1817–1862), writer, scientist, transcendentalist.Of the better‐known writers of Concord, Massachusetts, only Thoreau was born there. After graduating from Harvard in 1837 he returned home, became friends with Ralph Waldo Emerson, and embarked on a career of reading, writing, and observing nature. His short stints of gainful employment included work as a day laborer, pencil maker, and surveyor. Except for brief excursions to Staten Island, Cape Cod, Maine, Montreal, New Jersey, and Minnesota, he spent the rest of his life in Concord, where, as he said, he traveled extensively. On 4 July 1845, he began the intermittent stay of just over two years at nearby Walden Pond that is chronicled in his autobiographical and philosophical work Walden (1854). Incontestably a masterpiece of American literature, Walden, structured around Thoreau's observations of the changing seasons, has inspired a small library of similar volumes.

The first to call for national parks (in The Maine Woods, 1864), Thoreau was also a pioneer ecologist (The Succession of Forest Trees, 1860, and the posthumous Faith in a Seed) and an originator of America's conservation ethic. He understood nature not as an adversary but as the cradle and matrix of human existence, and wilderness not as the antithesis, but as the source, of civilization. “In wildness is the preservation of the world,” he wrote. Thoreau crossed the boundaries of literature and science, indeed, his last writings, some still unpublished, are almost purely scientific.

In his nature writing, Thoreau promulgated a gospel of immediate experience and the present moment: “I believe in the forest, and in the meadow, and in the night in which the corn grows.” He reminded his own and successive generations of their link to nature. As he wrote in his journal for 17 May 1854: “Who shall distinguish between the law by which a brook finds its river, the instinct [by which] a bird performs its migrations, and the knowledge by which a man steers his ship round the globe?”

Interested in social reform as well as in the environment, Thoreau in July 1846 was jailed overnight for refusing to pay a poll tax as a protest against the Mexican War and the expansion of slavery. He supported John Brown's raids and assisted fugitive slaves fleeing northward. His social thought, akin to that of classical Stoicism, emphasized self‐rule and individualism as the true basis for community. His essay Civil Disobedience (1849) asserts the primacy of the individual conscience, declaring: “It is not desirable to cultivate a respect for the law so much as for the right.” In such works as Walden and A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers (1849), Thoreau forged a personal ethic which held that for a guide to life, one must turn not to the state, the gods, society, or even history, but to nature. He recognized, however, that the turn to nature and to the self were merely starting points. With Emerson, Margaret Fuller, and the other transcendentalists, he understood the social imperatives latent in the insistence on personal worth and autonomy: What applies to the individual applies to everyone; if I wish to be free, all must be free.
See also Antebellum Era; Antislavery; Conservation Movement; Environmentalism; Leopold, Aldo; Muir, John; Romantic Movement; Transcendentalism.

Bibliography

Robert D. Richardson Jr. , Henry Thoreau: A Life of the Mind, 1986.
Lawrence Buell , The Environmental Imagination: Thoreau, Nature Writing and the Formation of American Culture, 1995.

Robert D. Richardson Jr.

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Paul S. Boyer. "Thoreau, Henry David." The Oxford Companion to United States History. Oxford University Press. 2001. Retrieved November 10, 2009 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O119-ThoreauHenryDavid.html

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Free newspaper and magazine articles

Free Article Leopold on wilderness. (Aldo Leopold on Germany's landscape)
Magazine article from: American Forests; 5/1/1991
Free Article Lessons from Leopold in Assessing the ESA.
Magazine article from: Endangered Species Bulletin; 11/1/1999
Free Article Leopold Retires as Chairman of Crown Vantage Board.
Business Wire; 2/3/1999

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Staccato Communications.(HIGH-TECH AND MANUFACTURING)(Leopold Bomer joins as the vice president)(Robert Brand joins as the director of software development)(Lamkin appoints Norman Assail as director of engineering and product development)(Brief Article)
Magazine article from: San Diego Business Journal; 12/19/2005; ; 700+ words ; Staccato Communications has named Leopold Bomer the vice president of solution delivery and Robert Brand the director of software development. Bomer has more than 14 years of program and product management, technical support...
JESSICA JUNE KANNEY | MIKALA BETH MESSINA | KATHERINE LORRAINE TUREK | BRANDON ALLEN JONES | ANNALISE HOPE ALLAIN | ADAM MIGUEL POPLAWSKI | MADISON ROSE SOLIDAY | JOSHUA ROBERT LOVE | GABRIELLE ELISE KOOPMANN | BAIN PATRICK LACKE | MORGAN ELIZABETH LEOPOLD | NICHOLAS ABBATE | JASON ALLEN EDWARDS | JOSHUA PAUL SIEFKEN | JACKSON ALEXANDER VANEEKEREN | ANNE REUVERS PAYNE | GABRIELLE DIANE VESELIK | ADARE BERNADETTE PITCHFORD | KAYLA MARIE RUNDLE | MADELEINE MARY LUCAS | LAURA COLLEEN SEIBERLICH | ROBERT FRANCIS BOLZ | SAMANTHA ELIZABETH HOLMBERG | WENDY MAE JENNINGS | COOPER WILLIAM LUDOVICE | KRISTEN MARIE REED | DANIELLE LYNNE CARROLL | ALEXANDRIA MADISON SANTIAGO | BRANDON CRESENTE RAMOS | ELIJAH ANTHONY HALVERSON-CARLI
Newspaper article from: Sun Publications (IL); 7/13/1998; 700+ words ; ...The maternal grandparents are Robert and Dorothy Pictor of Valparaiso...Valparaiso, Ind. * * * Joshua Robert Love The first child of Richard...Naperville is a son. Joshua Robert, weighing 10 pounds, 7 ounces...Libertyville. * * * Morgan Elizabeth Leopold Celebrating the birth of their...
Leopold shatters fundraising records with $500K More than half from the development community
Newspaper article from: Maryland Gazette; 1/19/2008; ; 700+ words ; ...half of the $504,325 Mr. Leopold raised during 2007 came from...political appointees. Mr. Leopold nearly matched what Robert L. Ehrlich raised during his...a-head fundraisers - Mr. Leopold said he has a record of independence...
Independence, style helped Leopold beat the odds
Newspaper article from: Capital (Annapolis); 11/13/2006; ; 700+ words ; ...be counted today, but Mr. Leopold is still expected to prevail...history. In 1990, Republican Robert R. Neall beat Democrat Ted...absentees were tallied. Mr. Leopold's win was a bright spot in...Republicans, who saw Gov. Robert L. Ehrlich Jr. and U.S...
LEOPOLD THE BENCHMARK WHEN IT COMES TO BENCHES.(TIME OUT!)(OUTDOORS)(Column)
Newspaper article from: The Capital Times (Madison, WI); 6/26/2002; 700+ words ; ...chair in Wisconsin. It is a Leopold bench, and it can be found in...of its maker, the late Aldo Leopold. Leopold, who was the first...trails. According to the late Robert McCabe, one of Leopold's graduate students who went...
Leopold wins executive race
Newspaper article from: Capital (Annapolis); 11/11/2006; ; 700+ words ; ...Sheriff Johnson accusing Mr. Leopold of siding with utility companies and Mr. Leopold portraying the sheriff as...Sheriff Johnson and Mr. Leopold would be very close. But...avalanche came after Gov. Robert L. Ehrlich Jr. called on...
Leopold seeks to slash county budget
Newspaper article from: Capital (Annapolis); 12/10/2006; ; 700+ words ; ...said he approves of Mr. Leopold's moves. "You've got...would be hypocritical of Mr. Leopold to ask other departments to...expenses in his own office. Mr. Leopold started by eliminating the...position previously held by Robert D. Miller, who is now manager...
Leopold names new staff City alderman to give up seat; Callahan to be chief of staff
Newspaper article from: Capital (Annapolis); 11/16/2006; ; 700+ words ; ...Rutter also is leaving. Mr. Leopold said he intends to cast "a...from county government, Mr. Leopold said he's doing away with...use officer, a post held by Robert Miller. He also plans to scrap...relations officer positions. Mr. Leopold, a Republican, said he asked...
Leopold: People more important than popularity
Newspaper article from: Capital (Annapolis); 10/29/2006; ; 700+ words ; ...his East Coast roots, Mr. Leopold moved to Maryland in 1981...Republican to do so. By 1990, Mr. Leopold zeroed in on the county executive office, thinking that Robert Neall wouldn't run for it. When Mr. Neall declared, Mr. Leopold decided to take on Sen. Phil...
Leopold sworn in as county executive
Newspaper article from: Maryland Gazette; 12/6/2006; ; 700+ words ; John Robinson Leopold officially became the seventh...of office in Annapolis. Mr. Leopold was sworn in by Clerk of the Court Robert P. Duckworth in the County...night in Brooklyn Park, Mr. Leopold, a Republican, said he would...

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