Middle Eastern Physical Geography

The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed. A Dictionary of the Bible Further reading

Lebanon

The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed. | 2011 | Copyright

Lebanon ancient Libanus, mountain range, c.100 mi (160 km) long, paralleling the Mediterranean Sea from S Lebanon N into Syria and rising steeply from the coast. Qurnet as Sawda (10,131 ft/3,088 m) is the highest peak. A great fault line, site of the fertile Al Biqa valley, separates the Lebanon from the Anti-Lebanon Mts. to the east. The Litani River rises in the valley and flows west, through deep gorges in the Lebanon, to the Mediterranean. The mountains were famed in ancient times for the huge, old cedars that extended in a narrow strip for 85 mi (137 km) along the upper western slope of the range. However, these trees were depleted by long use as a building material and a fuel, and only 10 small isolated groves remain. Apples, olives, and apricots are grown in large orchards. Through history the Lebanon Mts. have provided refuge for persecuted minorities, such as the Druze and the Maronites , who settled on the fertile middle slopes. Many springs, fed by the melting snow, exit from the mountainside and make intensive irrigation possible. Clusters of villages are found on the terraced slopes. The eastern and western slopes have become summer and ski resorts.

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Lebanon

A Dictionary of the Bible | 1997 | | Copyright

Lebanon A mountain range in Syria which runs for about 280 km. (180 miles) parallel to the eastern Mediterranean coast, divided by the River Jordan from the Anti-Lebanon range. Great cedar trees grew on the mountain slopes, and their wood was used in the construction of Solomon's Temple (1 Kgs. 7: 2–3). The mountains were beautiful when the peaks were covered in snow (Jer. 18: 14).

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W. R. F. BROWNING. "Lebanon." A Dictionary of the Bible. 1997. Encyclopedia.com. 1 Jun. 2012 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>.

W. R. F. BROWNING. "Lebanon." A Dictionary of the Bible. 1997. Encyclopedia.com. (June 1, 2012). http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O94-Lebanon.html

W. R. F. BROWNING. "Lebanon." A Dictionary of the Bible. 1997. Retrieved June 01, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O94-Lebanon.html

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Free newspaper and magazine articles

	ARAB AFFAIRS - Sept 23 - Don't Soon Expect A Syria-Lebanon Border Agreement. Newspaper article from: APS Diplomat Recorder; 9/27/2008
	Lebanon after Ta'if: Another reform opportunity lost? Magazine article from: Arab Studies Quarterly (ASQ); 1/1/1999
	Lebanon after Ta'if: another reform opportunity lost?(Ta'if Accord) Magazine article from: Arab Studies Quarterly (ASQ); 1/1/1999